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Immunology > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

Acute-phase reactants (enumerate)

A 
1- Positive (upregulated)
- C-reactive protein
- Ferritin
- Fibrinogen
- Hepcidin
- Serum amyloid A
2- Negative (downregulated)
- Albumin
- Transferrin
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2
Q

Type I hypersensitivity reaction mechanism and examples

A
  • Free antigen cross-links IgE on presensitized mast cells and basophils triggering immediate release of vasoactive amines
  • Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), Systemic anaphylaxis, food allergies, wheal and flare, and asthma
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3
Q

Type II hypersensitivity reaction mechanism and examples

A
  • IgM or IgG bind to fixed antigens on “enemy” cell leading to cell destruction by MAC formed by antibody and complement. 1) opsonization and phagocytosis 2) complement and Fc-receptor mediated inflammation 3) Antibody mediated cellular dysfunction
  • Cytotoxic (autoimmune hemolytic anemia [HDNB], acute rheumatic fever, Goodpasture syndrome, transfusion reaction, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, erythroblastosis fetalis, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, Guillain-Barre syndrome), Non-cytotoxic (Myasthenia gravis, Graves disease, Type II dibetes, pernicious anemia)
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4
Q

Type III hypersensitivity reaction mechanism and examples

A
  • Antigen-antibody (IgG) complexes activate complement, which attracts neutrophils which release lysosomal enzymes
  • SLE, PSGN, Arthus reaction, serum sickness, Polyarteritis nodosa
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5
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction mechanism and examples

A
  • Sensitized T cells encounter antigen and then release cytokines (leads to macrophage activation)
  • Tuberculin test, contact dermatitis, Hashimoto thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Celiac disease, Crohn disease
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6
Q

Blood transfusion reactions (enumerate)

A
  • Allergic reaction (Type I)
  • Anaphylactic reaction
  • Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (Type II)
  • Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (Type II)
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7
Q

After blood transfusion; urticaria, pruritis, wheezing and fever (Diagnosis?!!)

A

Allergic reaction

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8
Q

After blood transfusion; dyspnea, bronchospasm, hypotension, respiratory arrest and shock (Diagnosis?!!)

A

Anaphylactic reaction

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9
Q

After blood transfusion; fever, headaches, chills and flushing (Diagnosis?!!)

A

Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction

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10
Q

After blood transfusion; fever, hypotension, tachycardia, flank pain, hemoglobinuria and jaundice (Diagnosis?!!)

A

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

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11
Q

Bacterial infections in individuals with decreased T cells

A

Sepsis

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12
Q

Bacterial infections in individuals with decreased B cells

A

Encapsulated bacteria

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13
Q

Bacterial infections in individuals with decreased granulocytes

A
  • Staphylococcus
  • Burkholderia cepacia
  • P. aeruginosa
  • Serratia
  • Nocardia
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14
Q

Bacterial infections in individuals with decreased complement

A
  • Encapsulated species with early component deficiencies

- Neisseria with late component (MAC) deficiencies

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15
Q

Viral infections in individuals with decreased T cells

A
  • CMV, EBV, JCV, VZV

- Chronic infection with respiratory/GI viruses

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16
Q

Viral infections in individuals with decreased B cells

A
  • Enteroviral encephalitis

- Polio (live vaccine contraindicated)

17
Q

Viral infections in individuals with decreased granulocytes

A

None

18
Q

Viral infections in individuals with decreased complement

A

None

19
Q

Fungi/parasites infections in individuals with decreased T cells

A
  • Candida (local)

- PCP

20
Q

Fungi/parasites infections in individuals with decreased B cells

A

GI giardiasis (no IgA)

21
Q

Fungi/parasites infections in individuals with decreased granulocytes

A
  • Candida (systemic)

- Aspergillus

22
Q

Fungi/parasite infections in individuals with decreased complement

A

None

23
Q

Wide-spread thrombosis of graft vessels leading to ischemia and necrosis (Diagnosis and pathogenesis?!!)

A
  • Hyperacute transplant rejection

- Pre-existing recipient Abs that react to donor Ags (Type II), activate complement

24
Q

Vasculitis of graft vessels with dense interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate (Diagnosis and pathogenesis?!!)

A
  • Acute transplant rejection
  • Cellular: CD8+ T cells activated against MHCs (type IV). Humeral: recipient Abs that react to donor Ags (formed after transplant)
25
Q

Lymphocytic infiltration of graft with proliferation of vascular smooth muscle, parenchymal atrophy, interstitial fibrosis. dominated by arteriosclerosis (Diagnosis and pathogenesis?!!)

A
  • Chronic transplant rejection
  • CD4+ T cells respond to recipient APCs presenting donor peptides, including allogeneic MHC. both cellular and hymoral component (Type II and IV)
  • Examples are bronchiolitis obliterans, accelerated atherosclerosis, chronic graft nephropathy, vanishing bile duct syndrome
26
Q

After graft maculopapular rash, jaundice, diarrhea, and hepatosplenomegaly (Diagnosis and pathogenesis?!!)

A
  • Graft-versus-host disease
  • Grafted immunocompetent T cells proliferate in the immunocompromised host and reject host cells with “foreign” proteins resulting in severe organ dysfunction (Type IV)
  • Potentially beneficial in bone marrow transplant for leukemia (graft-versus-tumor effect)

Immunology (10 decks)

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