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Clinical > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

0
Q

Define incidence

A

The number of new cases in the population during a given time period.

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1
Q

Define prevalence

A

The number of total cases (newly and previously diagnosed) in a population during a given period of time.

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2
Q

Imaging modalities overestimate bony involvement with OSA by how much?

  • CT
  • MRI
A

CT 20%

MRI 3%

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3
Q

What neoplastic condition in Budgies (all birds?) is associated with holding the leg up?

A

Renal carcinoma

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4
Q

What is Kasabach-Merritt syndrome?

A

Thrombocytopenia and DIC associated with hemangiosarcoma

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5
Q

What is the influence of survivin in K9 LSA?

A

Increased pre-tx survivin levels were associated with shorter DFI (B cell, stages 3 and 4)
171 days vs 321 days

No significant difference between survivin levels at relapse and initial diagnosis

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6
Q

What is the influence of survivin in K9 TCC?

A

Nuclear survivin is present in TCC but not in normal bladder
Found in 68% of TCC tissues
Found in 50% of cystitis tissue
Cytoplasmic survivin can be detected in normal, TCC, and cystitis tissues

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7
Q

What is c-Myc?

A

Transcription factor

basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper

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8
Q

What is Coley’s toxin?

A

Killed bacteria mixture used as immuno-stimulator

Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens

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9
Q

What is LMTP-PE?

A

liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatylethanolamine

a synthetic derivative of bacterial cell walls - has immunostimulatory effects

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10
Q

How do you tell the difference between thymoma and LSA on flow cytometry?

A

Thymoma >10% CD4+/CD8+

LSA

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11
Q

How does PGP expression affect LSA outcome in cats?

A

It doesn’t. Expression is not predictive of remission or survival.

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12
Q

Which part of kidney is most sensitive to cisplatin?

A

Distal tubule

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13
Q

Is liposomal cisplatin safe in cats?

A

Mostly - safer than free IV drug.
No renal or pulmonary toxicity noted.
Cats showed transient pyrexia, GI upset, and infusion reactions.

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14
Q

Is grade prognostic for K9 pulmonary tumors? What about feline?

A

yes to both

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15
Q

What is the most common hematologic change in dogs with LSA?

A

anemia (mostly normocytic normochromic)

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16
Q

What is the most common hematologic change in cats with HSA?

A

anemia

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17
Q

What is the most common severe AE with Paccal Vet and in what percentage of dogs is it seen?

A

neutropenia (73%)

hypersensitivity and GI upset also reported (about 20% each)

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18
Q

What factors are involved in determining grade of STS?

A

Cellular differentiation, mitotic index, and necrosis

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19
Q

What is MST (in months) for non-resectable K9 thyroid carcinoma without mets? With mets?

A
  1. 9 months without mets

12. 2 months with mets

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20
Q

What is the ORR% and %SD for carbo/piroxicam for TCC (naive dogs, no previous chemo)?

A

13% ORR (all PR)

54% SD

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21
Q

What is the ORR% and %SD for carbo/piroxicam for TCC (rescue setting)?

A

38% ORR (all PR)

45% SD

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22
Q

What is telomerase (structure/activity)? In which cells is it found?

A

ribonucleoprotein
reverse transcriptase
normally absent in somatic cells; present in virtually all cancer cells

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23
Q

How do you tell choroid plexus carcinoma from choroid plexus papilloma on CSF tap? What was cut-off?

A

protein signif higher with carcinomas than papillomas

all samples >80 mg/dl were carcinomas

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24
Q

How do you tell choroid plexus carcinoma from choroid plexus papilloma on MRI?

A

carcinomas showed intraventricular or subarachnoid drop metastasis

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25
Q

What is the recurrence rate for incompletely excised grade II mast cell tumors (no add’l therapy beyond sx and pred)?

A

23%

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26
Q

What is the percentage of fatal hepatotoxicity in dogs receiving CCNU for MCT?

A

16.7%

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27
Q

What is the survival rate for cats with nasal LSA treated with COP? 2 different studies/routes…

A

Intraperitoneal - DFI 388 days

IV - DFI 249 days

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28
Q

What is the typical grade and immunophenotype of feline nasal LSA?

A

intermed/high grade

B cell

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29
Q

What is the response rate of cardiac HSA (presumptive) to doxorubicin?

A

Single agent 41% ORR, PFS 66 d, MST 116 d

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30
Q

What is the survival time of dogs with RA masses and pericardial effusion treated with doxo-based protocols?

A

MST 140 d

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31
Q

What is the survival time of dogs with cardiac HSA treated with centesis alone?

A
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32
Q

What is the survival time of dogs with cardiac HSA treated with sx alone? Sx plus chemo?

A

sx alone - 42 days

sx + chemo - 175 days

33
Q

Can cardiac troponin I be used to support diagnosis of cardiac HSA? How?

A

Yes. Plasma cTrI > 0.25 ng/ml identified cardiac involvement in dogs with HSA, and cardiac HSA in dogs with pericardial effusion

34
Q

Can effusion cytology be used to support diagnosis of HSA in dogs with pericardial effusion?

A

Not really. Samples were non-dx in 92%, and neoplasia only identified in 4.6% of samples. Samples were more likely diagnostic if sample Hct

35
Q

What is the recurrence rate, metastatic rate, and OS in dogs with dermal HSA?

A

Recurrence (locoregional) in 77%
MST 987 d (2.7 yrs)
Mets in 34% (mostly NON at-risk breeds)

36
Q

What is a T4 cutaneous SCC in a cat?

A

Tumor is invading muscle, fascia, or bone

37
Q

What is a T1 N0 M0 cutaneous SCC in a cat?

A

Tumor

38
Q

What is the MOA of vinca alkaloids?

A

Bind to tubulin and prevent polymerization of microtubules.

39
Q

What is the MOA of carboplatin?

A

Pt are leaving groups, then bind to N7 and A7, intercalate into DNA, and create kinking of DNA strand.
Binding affinity RNA > DNA > protein

40
Q

What is the MOA of classical alkylators?

A

Gives up Cl-, creating highly reactive intermediate.
Binds covalently to target (= alkylation), guanine N7
Alkylation leads to mispairing or strand breakage

41
Q

What is the definition of dose intensity?

A

mg / m2 / week

42
Q

What is the significance of TEG in dogs with neoplasia?

A

57% of dogs had hemostatic dysfunction
50% were HYPERcoagulable
17% were HYPOcoagulable - ALL had metastatic dz

43
Q

What are the steps of RTK activation?

A 
ligand binds
receptors dimerize
monomers phosphorylate each other
opens catalytic site
downstream signaling happens
44
Q

Which RTKs are monomeric? Dimeric?

A

monomeric: EFG, FGF
dimeric: PDGF

45
Q

Which 3 RTK families possess a split kinase domain?

A

PDGFR, VEGFR, and FGFR

46
Q

What is the receptor for stem cell factor (SCF)?

A

kit

47
Q

What is the receptor for HGF?

A

Met

48
Q

What cytokines stimulate differentiation to the Th1 subset? Name 3

A

IL-12
IL-18
IFN-gamma

49
Q

What cytokines stimulate differentiation to the Th17 subset? Name 3

A

TGF-beta
IL-6
IL-23

50
Q

What cytokines stimulate differentiation to the Treg subset? Name 2

A

TGF-beta

IL-10

51
Q

What cytokine stimulates differentiation to the Th2 subset?

A

IL-4

52
Q

What transcription factors are induced by the Th1 subset?

A

T-BET
STAT 1
STAT 4

53
Q

What transcription factor is induced by the Th2 subset?

A

GATA-3

54
Q

What transcription factors are induced by the Th17 subset?

A

ROR-gamma-t

STAT 3

55
Q

What transcription factor is induced by the Treg subset?

A

FoxP3

56
Q

What cytokines are produced by the Th1 subset? Name 3

A

IFN-gamma
TNF-alpha
IL-2

57
Q

What cytokines are produced by the Th2 subset? Name 5

A 
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-10
IL-13
58
Q

What cytokines are produced by the Th17 subset? Name 3

A

IL-17
IL-21
IL-22

59
Q

What cytokines are produced by the Treg subset?

A

TGF-beta

IL-10

60
Q

What are the Hedgehog homolgs?

A

Homologs: sonic, Indian, desert

61
Q

Give a brief description of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.

A

When HH not present, Patched binds to Smoothened and inactivates it. When HH present, it binds PTC, freeing SMO for transcriptional activation.

62
Q

Through what TF does Smoothened work?

A

GLI, a Zn-finger TF

63
Q

Name 3 upstream activators of HH

A

PI3K, AKT, MET

64
Q

In what K9 cancer is Indian HH overexpressed?

A

TCC

65
Q

Which radioisotopes are beta/gamma emitters? Which is a pure beta emitter? Which is a pure gamma emitter?

A

Beta/gamma - I-131
Beta - Strontium
Gamma - Tech

66
Q

What is the significance of Bracken Fern in cows?

A

It activates E7
It upregulates Ras and EGFR
It mutates p53
These things lead to bladder carcinoma, similar to BPV-2

67
Q

What are the effector caspases in apoptosis? The initiator caspases?

A

Initiator - 8, 9, 10

Effector - 3, 6, 7

68
Q

What is Li-Fraumeni syndrome?

A

Defective or absent p53. Leads to defective DSB repair, defective cell cycle checkpoints, and is associated with early onset sarcomas.

69
Q

In which non-cancerous cells can telomerase be normally found? Name 4

A

stem cells
lens tissue
male germ line cells
activated lymphocytes/leukocytes

70
Q

What is the difference between telomeres in mice and dogs/humans?

A

In mice, telomeres are longer, and expression in somatic tissue is less stringently regulated.

71
Q

What is TERT?

A

The reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit of telomerase; TERT activity is the primary determinant of telomerase activity.

72
Q

What is the staging system for mammary carcinoma?

A

I - tumor 5 cm
IV - nodal mets
V - distant mets

73
Q

What is the staging system for hemangiosarcoma?

A

Two systems:
I - confined to spleen
II - ruptured spleen
III - distant mets or RA mass

I - 5 cm, ruptured, invading SQ, regional mets
III - invading adjacent structures and/or distant mets

74
Q

What is the response rate and survival time with Samarium?

A

2 studies:

Primary bone tumors: 63% ORR, MST 100 d
Skull tumors: 20% ORR, MST 144 d

75
Q

For synovial cell sarcoma, name 2 IHC stains that should be positive, and two that should be negative.

A

vimentin - positive
cytokeratin - positive
CD18 - negative
actin - negative

76
Q

Name 5 IHC stains that should be positive for rhabdomyosarcoma:

A 
vimentin
skeletal actin
myglobin
myogenin
myo D
77
Q

For dogs with untreated nasal adenocarcinoma:

  • what is the leading cause of death?
  • what is the MST?
  • what is a major negative prognostic indicator?
A

Leading cause of death - prog. local dz
MST - 95 d
Neg prog - epistaxis (88 vs 224 days)

78
Q

Which nitrogen mustards are prodrugs?

A

Chlorambucil

Cyclophosphamide

79
Q

Which drug reduces the bioavailability of melphalan by 30%?

A

cimetidine

80
Q

What is the equation for BSA?

A 
BSA = [K * (weight in g) ^ 2/3] / 10,000
K = 10 for cats
K = 10.1 for dogs

Clinical (13 decks)

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