Miscellaneous

Question 1

Why and How was ERP modified

Answer 1

Removed visualisation as Jason was autistic and found this difficult

Question 2

How did Ost and Westling recruit ppts

Answer 2

Newspaper advertisements and psychiatric referals

Question 3

Typical features of ICD

Answer 3

Before committing the act there is a growing tension/inability to resist

During the act the person feels pleasure from acting, and often feel relief from the urge

Afterward the person may or may not feel guilt, regret or blame

Question 4

How was reduction operationalised? (Grant et al.)

Answer 4

35% reduction in Y-BOCS score for at least 1 month

Question 5

Abnormality

Answer 5

Deviating from what is normal or usual, typically in way that is undesirable or worrying

Question 6

Acronym to identify abnormal behaviour

Answer 6

F: failure to function adequately, cannot cope with everyday activities
I: Ideal health model criteria not met e.g. positive self-attitudes, stress resistance
N: Norms of society are violated
S: Statistical deviation from average

Question 7

Positive Symptoms

Answer 7

• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Disorganised thoughts

Question 8

Define hallucinations

Answer 8

sensory experiences that involve seeing and hearing things that do not exist e.g. voices

Question 9

Define delusions

Answer 9

The belief individuals hold which are not based on reality e.g. believing everyone is out to harm you

Question 10

Define disorganised thoughts

Answer 10

This is when thoughts are mixed up and racing, their speech may be jumbled and impossible to understand

Question 11

Freeman Example of persecutory statement and a neutral statement

Answer 11

Persecutory: Lady sitting down next to me laughed at me when I walked past
Neutral: Getting on with my own business

Question 12

What else could VR be used for

Answer 12

Treating phobias
Helping with public speaking anxiety

Question 13

Practitioner and Patient Interpersonal Skills

Answer 13

The abilities one possesses that enables them to effectively communicate with others. These abilities affect the communication between the relationship between the patient and the practitioner. This can include both verbal and non-verbal communication.

Question 13

McKinstry and Wang examples of dress

Answer 13

Male: White coat over formal suit
Male: Tweed jacket, informal shirt and tie
Male: Denim jeans and open-neck short-sleeved shirt
Female: White coat over skirt and jumper
Female: pink trousers, jumper and gold earrings

Question 14

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

Answer 14

A condition where a caregiver or spouse fabricates, exaggerates or induces mental/physical problems in those who are in their care. The primary motivation is also gaining attention or sympathy from others.

Question 15

Adherence

Answer 15

the extent to which a patient’s actions matches the recommendations and treatment regime given to them by a practitioner

Question 16

Non-adherence

Answer 16

when a patient consciously decides to deviate from the recommended treatment regime against advice e.g. completely stopping taking tablets or reducing the amount taking

Question 17

Stress

Answer 17

a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.

Question 18

Fear Arousal

Answer 18

This is where the health promotion campaign uses a message that causes the public to feel afraid for their health and therefore makes changes in their lives to avoid this feared outcome

Question 19

High fear presentation

Answer 19

Showed diseased mouths
Explains diseases like cancer and the consequences

Question 20

Minimal fear arousal

Answer 20

lecture about teeth and cavities, without pictures or consequences.

Question 21

Cowpe - What was the advert?

Answer 21

A woman who told the dangers of a chip-pans and then, in three simple steps, what to do should a fire break out. However, in her case, she had not followed these steps and had been burned in a chip-pan fire; the advert showed a close-up of her disfigurement.

Question 22

Schools (Tapper et al.): Strategies

Answer 22

Taste exposure: Exposing children to new food groups with the hope of making them learn to like it as they taste the novel food more and more
Modelling strategy: Involved the use of 4 characters called the ‘Food Dudes’ who would perform desirable behaviour in regards to food through means of an animated film series.
Reward: Involved positively reinforcing children after they eat fruits and vegetables and motivate them to continue progressing with the behaviour; The rewards should imply the importance of the healthy eating behaviour rather than being a repayment for the unpleasant experience

Question 23

Unrealistic optimism

Answer 23

an error in judgement where people tend to believe that they are invulnerable and expect others to be victims of misfortune and illness, not themselves.

Question 24

Weinstein example of two of the hypotheses

Answer 24

(1) Participants will be more likely to report they are less likely to experience a negative event and more likely to experience a positive event
(2) The more undesirable the event, the stronger the tendency to believe it won’t happen, the more desirable the more likely

Question 25

Two of Lau et al.’s research questions

Answer 25

1: How do parents exert influence on their child
2: How strong is parental influence versus peer

Question 26

Lifelong openness model

Answer 26

people are always open to persuasion from influential socialising agents; parents have no status.

Question 27

Windows of vulnerability model

Answer 27

parental influence persists unless the child is exposed to important social models (e.g. other students) who have different and more influential views.

Question 28

Lau et al. Why did the sample drop so much?

Answer 28

• Students dropping out of college
• Students transferring to other colleges
• Students moving to different addresses, and researchers unable to find their updated address

Question 29

Enduring family socialisation model

Answer 29

where preventive health beliefs and behaviour are learned from the family during childhood and remain fairly stable throughout life because parents are the primary socialisation agents (results supported this model).