Miscellaneous🌈 Flashcards by Maddie O'Connor-Manson

What i sthe best blood test to represent changes in liver function?

Prothrombin time (PT)

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For autosomal recessive conditions, if both parents are carriers, what is the chance of an affected child?

25%

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For autosomal recessive conditions, if both parents are carriers, what is the chance of a carrier child?

50%

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What is the inheritance pattern of mitochondrial
diseases?

Inheritance is only via the maternal line as the sperm contributes no cytoplasm to the zygote

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Which vaccines are live-attenuated vaccines?

MMR, Rotavirus, smallpox, chickenpox, yellow fever, BCG

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Which vaccines are mRNA vaccines?

COVID-19

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Which vaccines are toxoid vaccines?

Diphtheria, Tetanus

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Which vaccines are toxoid vaccines?

Diphtheria, Tetanus

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Which vaccines are recombinant protein vaccines?

Hepatitis B, HPV vaccines, MenB vaccine

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Which vaccines are conjugate vaccines?

HiB vaccine, MenC vaccine, PCV, MenACWY

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For sick day rules in adrenal insufficiency what changes do you make to medication?

Double the dose of hydrocortisone but keep the dose of fludrocortisone the same

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On lymph node biopsy what are Reed-Sternberg cells indicative of?

Hodgkins lymphoma

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What conditions is smoking protective against?

UC, Endometrial cancer, Parkinsons

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How long should an ‘unprovoked’ pulmonary embolism be treated?

6 months

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What scale is used to help identify obstructive sleep apnoea?

Epworth sleepiness scale

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What is the inheritance of Marfan’s Syndrome

Autosomal Dominant

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What can low albumin on LFT be indicative of?

Can be a sign of malnutrition (Crohn’s/UC, Coeliac)
Kidney disease, liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

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What can high albumin on LFT be indicative of?

Severe infections/dehydration, chronic inflammatory diseases, hepatitis

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What is increased ALP on LFT indicative of?

Bile duct obstruction stimulates ALP synthesis
Increased in Obstructive Liver disease
Increased in non-hepatic origin like when there is increased osteoblastic activity for example in Paget’s osteomalacia, Vit D Deficiency

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What is pneumonia by definition?

“Inflammation of the lung”

What score do you use for CAP severity?

C= Confusion
U= Urea >7mmol/L
RR = 30/min
BP = Systolic <90mm/Hg or diastolic <60mm/Hg
Age = >65
In community there is no urea

What is pulmonary hypertension?

Pulmonary hypertension is defined as an mPAP of above 25mmHg as measured at right heart cathererisation and secondary ventricular failure

What is the antibiotic used for Pseudomonas aerunginosa COPD exacerbation?

Oral ciprofloxacin

What is sarcoidosis?

Multi-system granulomatosis disease of unknown cause

How is Hepatitis A spread?

Faeco-oral transmission Endemic in Africa and South America

What is the first line treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B?

Pegylated Interferon Alpha

What is the aetiology of Wilson's Disease?

An autosomal recessive disorder of a copper transporting ATPase, ATP7B

What is Barretts Oesophagus?

the epithelium of the oesophagus undergoes metaplasia and changes from squamous to columnar epithelium

What are some risk factors for a Mallory-Weiss tear?

Alcoholism, forceful vomiting, eating disorder, male

What is the treatment for H.Pylori?

TRIPLE THERAPY PPI + Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin

What is ascites?

Effusions and accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity

What is Conn's Syndrome?

Primary hyperaldosteronism

What will hyperkalaemia look like on ECG?

Tall tented T waves, small p waves and wide QRS

What gene is Spondyloarthropathy linked with?

HLA B27

What blood tests would you do for RA and what would the results be?

- Normochromic normocytic anaemia - ESR and/or CRP - Positive RF in 80% - Positive Anti-CCP in 30%

What are the radiological features of Osteoarthritis?

- LOss of joint space - Osteophytes - Subchondral cysts - Subarticular sclerosis

What antibodies would you test for in SLE?

- Anti-nuclear antibodies - 95% positive - Anti-double stranded DNA - Highly specific but only positive in 60% Serum complement C3 and C4 are REDUCED

What is the inheritence of G6PD deficiency?

X- linked but women may also be affected

What gene is affected in polycythaemia vera?

95% have an activating mutation in JAK2 that means that EPO signalling is constant

What is the inheritance of Haemophilia A?

X-linked recessive

What is the most common renal cancer?

Renal cell carcinoma (a type of adenocarcinoma)

What are the symptoms of kidney cancers?

Half the time they are found incidentally Blood in urine, loin pain or mass

What the most common type of bladder cancer?

Transitional cell carcinoma

What is the typical presentation of an individual with bladder cancer?

Painless visible haematuria in 85% of cases

What is the most common cause of testicular cancer?

90% are germ cell tumours

What is the biochemistry of renal stones?

Form from crystals that are supersaturated in urine CALCIUM OXALATE are the most common stones You can also get calcium phosphate stones but these are uncommon

What is diabetes insipidus?

A disorder caused by low leves of/ or insensitivity to ADH leading to polyuria. This can be either cranial or nephrogenic in origin.

What is the first-line investigation for Addison's disease?

Short Synacthen test

What tumour marker is associated with cholangiocarcinoma or cancer of the head of the pancreas?

CA19-9