Misc Solid Tumors EXAM 3 Flashcards
Name a drug that increases the risk of a solid tumor.
Tamoxifen for endometrial cancer
What are the 4 symptoms of Ovarian cancer?
Ovarian cancer symptom index
OBJECTIVE !!!
“Silent cancer” - unspecific symptoms, also common in postmenopausal women (65y), which is the population affected by this cancer
-bloating
-pelvic or abdominal pain
-early satiety
-increased urinary frequency or incontinence
Which procedure is required to treat Ovarian cancer?
debulking surgery (by a specialist) then chemo
What is the first-line therapy for ovarian cancer?
FYI, no objective
paclitaxel + carboplatin (+/- bevacizumab)
may administrate directly into the peritoneal cavity
Intraperitoneal (IP)
but very toxic, hard to tolerate, more effective
Why are PARP inhibitors so effective in BRCA-mutated cancer cells? What is the name of the mechanism behind it?
bc these cells cant repair ds breaks (BRCA mutation)
if we block PARP they can’t repair ss breaks either
Synthetic lethality
What is the side effect profile of PARP inhibitors?
-mild myelosuppression
-Nausea
-rare: secondary leukemia and/or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
What are the risk factors for endometrial cancer?
OBJECTIVE !!!
-Obesity
-Unopposed estrogen exposure
-Nulliparity, early menarche/late menopause (more estrogen exposure)
-Tamoxifen !!!
-Endometrial hyperplasia
What is a symptom of endometrial cancer?
!!!
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
example: a woman is postmenopausal and stopped having her period and now presents with vaginal bleeding
What is the biggest risk factor for Cervical cancer?
-HPV (subtype 16 & 18)
HPV vaccine with high efficacy for prevention (vaccinate boys and girls)
-early coitarche (intercourse), multiple sexual partners, history of STDs
What are the common screening tools for cervical cancer?
-21-29y
cervical cytology (PAP smear) every 3 years
-30-65y
cervical cytology (PAP smear) every 3 years
(high-risk) hrHPV testing every 5 years +/- cytology
What is the biggest risk factors for bladder cancer?
Smoking
(excretion of carcinogens (smoke) through urine)
Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
blood in the urine
What is the treatment for Stage I (non-muscle invasive) Bladder cancer?
!!!
Transurethral endoscopic resection (TURBT) + intravesicular gemcitabine + adjuvant intravesicular BCG
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (tuberculosis vaccine)
What is the purpose of the BCG injection after surgery for bladder cancer?
OBJECTIVE !!!
local immune response reduces the risk of cancer to come back
Treatment for Stage II or III Bladder cancer
- Neoadjuvant cisplatin chemo
- radical cystectomy (removing parts or complete bladder)
some patients get
1. TURBT
2. chemo + radiation
Drugs for Stage IV Bladder Cancer
Enfortumab vedotin (EV) + pembrolizumab
Why is pancreatic cancer removable (surgery) in only 15-20% of patients?
-it is hard to get access
-it is surrounded by the small intestine and major blood vessels
-they form an extracellular matrix outside the tumor that impairs drug delivery
Which drugs are used for pancreatic cancer?
Dont need to know drugs
-FOLFIRINOX (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin)
-Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel
-Gemcitabine
What made the number of Gastric cancer go down?
Name other risk factors.
-Recognition/treatment of H. pylori infection
-Refrigeration (Less salt-preserved foods; more fresh fruits/vegetables)
other risk factors:
-smoking and EtOH
Treatment options for Gastric cancer
FYI? no objective
-Surgery
-Chemoradiation (5-FU based)
-Chemotherapy (5-FU, platinums, anthracyclines)
-Immune checkpoint inhibitors if high PD-L1 expression
Head and Cancer are associated with which pathogen?
OBJECTIVE !!!
HPV !!! HPV vaccine helps in the prevention
HSV (herpes simplex virus)
EBV (Epstein-Bar-virus)
What is the biggest risk factor for head and neck cancer?
OBJECTIVE !!!
use of tobacco and EtOH !!
200x increased risk if done together
other:
-HPV, HSV, EBV
-Vitamin A deficiency
What is the Goal of Head and neck cancer treatment?
- Cure
- Organ and function preservation
it is not easy to remove affected organs and keep the function (oral/nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, salivary gland)
Which drugs are used for Head and neck cancer?
Surgery and chemoradiation
cisplatin, 5-FU + XRT (radiation)
Cetuximab + XRT
Immunotherapy