Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IHOP > Immunology Overview Dr. Bossaer > Flashcards

Immunology Overview Dr. Bossaer Flashcards

1
Q

All cells of the immune system are derived from ___

A

pluripotent cells

differentiation is stimulated by cell-to-cell interaction and hematopoietic growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which molecule makes dendritic cells the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APC)?

A

MHC-II on the surface (presenting antigens of pathogens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T-lymphocytes have TCR (T-cell receptors) binding to different antigens. T/F

A

False.

TCRs of a T-lymphocyte bind to only one antigen
->same with IgM, IgD, IgA, IgG of B-lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When do B-lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

When activated and differentiated into a plasma cell

the antibodies are then specific to an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which immune cells are considered Granulocytes?

A

-Neutrophils (fight bacteria)

-Basophils (blood) - release histamine
-Mast cells (tissue) - release histamine, heparin, 5HT3

-Eosinophils (fight parasites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basophils are found in the ___, Mast cells are found in the ___

A

Basophils in the blood
Mast cells in the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of a Macrophage and a monocyte?

A

they are closely related

Macrophage: Phagocytosis

Monocyte: antigene-presenting cell (APC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Monocytes are found in the ___, Macrophages are found in the ___

A

Monocytes in the blood
Macrophages in the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which immune cells kill virally infected or mutant cells?

A

NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which immune cells help stimulate the immune system by upregulating antibodies?

A

CD4+ T-helper cell

help the immune system to target an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which immune cells fight viral infections and cancerous cells intracellular?

A

CD8+ T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CD4+ T-cells work intra or extracellular?
CD8+ T-cells work intra or extracellular?

A

CD4+ T-cells: extracellular

CD8+ T-cells: intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which (4) immune cells are considered Lymphocytes?

A

-NK cells
-CD4+ T-cells
-CD8+ T-cells
-B-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the (4) functions of the Complement system?

A

-stimulate chemotaxis (attract neutrophils to the site of infection)

-Opsonize pathogens (prevent pathogen entry or flagging)

-clear immune complexes (deposition of immune complexes can lead to inflammation and pain

-cell lysis via MAC (membrane attack complex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does MAC work?

A

complement molecules (C5b, C6, C7) come together and form a hole in the membrane of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which immune cells are most common in the bloodstream?

A

Neutrophils (40-60%)

-fight bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do Neutrophils get to the site of infection?

A

via L-selectin and adherence molecules -> then migration into the tissue

-then directed to the pathogen via Chemotaxis (through cytokines like IL-8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is demargination?

A

Neutrophils are pushed into the middle of the blood vessels (instead of the outside (margin)

-can be caused by corticosteroids

19
Q

Why do corticosteroids cause higher WBC counts?

A

better detection of WBC doesn’t mean that there are more WBC

-steroids are also immunosuppressive bc they cause de-margination and neutrophils being less efficient in the center of the blood vessels

20
Q

What are the (3) ways Neutrophils kill bacteria?

A

-direct phagocytosis (without opsonization, they detect pathogens by bacterial flagella, dsRNA, fungal zymosan)

-directed phagocytosis (without opsonization)

-release of granules after phagocytosis (oxidative metabolites of granules)

21
Q

What do mature and immature Neutrophils look like?

A

Normal: polymorphic nucleus

Immature: Band-like nucleus (sometimes go from the bone marrow into the bloodstream when in need)

22
Q

Macrophages are found in which organs or tissues?

A

-Kupffer cells in the liver

-Microglial cells in the brain

-Osteoclasts in the bone

Remember: in the bloodstream -> Monocytes

23
Q

MHC-II is found on which cells?

A

antigen-presenting cells

-Macrophages
-dendritic cells
-B-cells

-TH1-cells
-T-follicular helper cells
-Treg cells

24
Q

MHC-I is found on which cells?

A

on all nucleated cells
-NOT RBC

MHC-I present peptides made inside the cell, if not recognized by CD8+ T-cells it will be killed (could be a virus or a cancer cell)

25
Q

Which (3) interactions are required to activate a CD4+ T-cell?

A

-Signal 1: MHC-II (dendritic cell) to TCR (CD4+ cell)

-Signal 2: CD40 (DC) to CD40-L (CD4+)

-Signal 3: IL-2 (DC) to IL-2 receptor (CD4+)

IL-2 is a target for reducing autoimmune respones

26
Q

How are CD8+ T-cells activated?

A

often via IL-2

27
Q

How do activated cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+) kill?

A

-Perforin system
Perforins (holes in the cells)
Granzymes (entering cells and induce apoptosis)

-Fas-Fas Ligand pathway (Fas binds to Fas-Ligand causing apoptosis)

28
Q

How do cancer cells escape the immune system?

A

-upregulation of anti-apoptotic elements (like BCL2)

-downregulation of Fas

29
Q

What are ways to reduce lymphocyte activity?

A

-CTLA expression
-PD-1 expression
-Fas expression

-CD4+ Tregs (antigen-specific, requires binding)

30
Q

How are NK cells different from cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells?

A

They dont require activation in the same way as CD8+ cells

-still need a form of activation

31
Q

How does B-cell activation work?

A

-Ig on the surface recognizes bacteria -> Phagocytosis

-present bacterial antigen through MHC-II to CD4+ T-cells

-CD4+ produces cytokines (IL-4, 5, 6, 10, 13) to activate B-cells that multiply and pump out free antibodies

-also formation on memory B-cells that get activated faster when in contact with the bacteria again

32
Q

What are the types of antibodies and what does the structure look like?

A

-IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

-Fc (constant) region binds to Fc-receptors phagocytes

-Fab is variable and binds to unique antigens

33
Q

Which of the immunoglobulins indicate a recent infection?

A

IgM (pentamer) first responder

34
Q

Which of the immunoglobulins indicate immunity to a pathogen?

A

IgG - 2nd responder

most prevalent Ig (indicate B-cells that still produce antibodies)

35
Q

Which Immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?

A

IgG
-last for 3 months
-after 3 months the baby starts producing their own IgG

36
Q

Which immunoglobulin is secreted in body fluids?

A

IgA (dimer), present in saliva, tears, GI, and respiratory tract, breast milk

-helps to prevent Cold and Flu (preventing pathogens from entering the cells)

37
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Elimination of parasites

-Histamine release (bound to Fc receptors of Mast cells and antigen-presenting cells)

38
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

-not understood
-high IgD concentration correlates with auto-immune diseases

39
Q

Function of IL-2

A

activate

T-cells
B-cells
NK-cells

40
Q

Function of TNF-α

A

activate

-Neutrophils

-endothelial cells (activated: cause inflammation, coagulation)

-lymphocytes

-liver cells to produce acute phase proteins

produced by Macrophages, NK-cells, T-cells, B-cells, mast cells

41
Q

Function of TNF-β

A

Tumoricidal

42
Q

Which Cytokine has a negative effect on the immune system (immunosuppressive)?

A

INF-β

reduce IL-17, used as a drug for autoimmune disorders

43
Q

Where in the lymph node are more B-cells and where are more T-cells?

A

B-cells in the Cortex

T-cells in the Paracortex

Macrophages in the medulla

IHOP (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions