Misc. Exam 1 Clinical Applications

Question 1

Conditions that encourage decubitus ulcers

Answer 1

continuous environmental pressure
moist/damp skin
shearing forces
weight loss
diabetes

Question 2

Stage 1 of decubitus ulcers includes

Answer 2

skin is unbroken
skin is warmer
skin has less sensation or is itchy
persistent redness after 20 minutes of released pressure

Question 3

Stage 2 of decubitus ulcers includes

Answer 3

partial thickness of skin loss- skin is broken to epidermis or dermis level

Question 4

Stage 3 of decubitus ulcers includes

Answer 4

full thickness skin loss through dermis

involvement of subcutaneous soft tissue (adipose)

Question 5

Stage 4 of decubitus ulcers includes

Answer 5

full thickness skin loss
necrosis of subcutaneous soft tissue (adipose and muscle)
exposure of bone

Question 6

Prevention of decubitus ulcers includes

Answer 6

surface considerations
checking skin for changes in color, temp, and sensation
move/reposition ever 2 hours
incontinences/ moisture increases skin fragility
adequate nutrition and hydration

Question 7

OT preventions for decubitus ulcers

Answer 7

seating and positioning evaluations
educating clients, caregivers, staff
strengthening and stretching programs to improve posture and mobility
modifications and adaptions to physical environment
evaluation of cognitive abilities and social environment

Question 8

What is a total hip arthroplasty? (THA)

Answer 8

surgical replacement of femoral head and neck with prosthesis
typically with posterior approach

Question 9

3 contraindications to standard hip precautions:

And why

Answer 9

no pelvifemoral flexion greater than 90 degrees
no pelvifemoral adduction
no pelvifemoral internal rotation
increases risk of prosthesis dislocation

Question 10

effects of osteoporosis on spine

Answer 10

creates bone loss of vertebral bodies that can cause exaggerated thoracic kyphosis of the spine. This shifts the COM to cause movement of COG over BOS

Question 11

What type of joint is the atlantooccipital joint?(AO)

Answer 11

AO joint is biaxial and condyloid

between occipital condyles and superior facts of the lateral masses of atlas vertebra

Question 12

What type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint? (AA)

Answer 12

AA is a Uniaxial and pivot joint

between vertebral foramen of atlas and dens of axis

Question 13

What type of joint is the zygapophyseal joint?

Answer 13

multiaxial and plane joint
between facet of inferior articular process of more superior vertebrae and facet of superior articular surface of more inferior vertebrae

Question 14

What type of joint is the intervertebral joint?

Answer 14

Nonsynovial

joint between bodies of vertebrae

Question 15

What is sarcopenia?

Answer 15

Sarcopenia is degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and peak strength
reduction in number of muscle fibers and size of muscle fibers
after age 60

Question 16

Impacts of sarcopenia

Answer 16

Contributes to frailty syndrome (decline in ADL/IADL, functional mobility, shorter lifespan)

Question 17

Changes to muscle tissue with immobilization

Answer 17

muscle atrophy within 10 days
decrease of muscle size, not number of fibers
decrease in functional strength

Question 18

changes to muscle tissue with advanced age

Answer 18

sarcopenia after age 60

Question 19

changes to muscle tissue with strength training

Answer 19

muscle hypertrophy

increase in size of muscle fibers, not numbers

Question 20

What is Davis’ Law?

Answer 20

Soft tissue (like muscle) will adapt according to the biomechanical load placed on it

Question 21

Application of Davis’ Law

Answer 21

Soft tissue (muscle) placed under higher biomechanical load will hypertrophy
Will atrophy under lower load

Question 22

Wolff’s Law

Answer 22

Bones will adapt according to the biomechanical load placed upon it

Question 23

Application of Wolff’s Law

Answer 23

Trabeculae will increase in density and cortical bone will thicken with increased load. Will weaken with less load. Stress usually after 6-8 weeks recovery

Question 24

Ligaments

Answer 24

connect bone to bone

Question 25

tendons

Answer 25

connect muscle to bone