Misc. Exam 1 Clinical Applications Flashcards
Conditions that encourage decubitus ulcers
continuous environmental pressure moist/damp skin shearing forces weight loss diabetes
Stage 1 of decubitus ulcers includes
skin is unbroken
skin is warmer
skin has less sensation or is itchy
persistent redness after 20 minutes of released pressure
Stage 2 of decubitus ulcers includes
partial thickness of skin loss- skin is broken to epidermis or dermis level
Stage 3 of decubitus ulcers includes
full thickness skin loss through dermis
involvement of subcutaneous soft tissue (adipose)
Stage 4 of decubitus ulcers includes
full thickness skin loss
necrosis of subcutaneous soft tissue (adipose and muscle)
exposure of bone
Prevention of decubitus ulcers includes
surface considerations
checking skin for changes in color, temp, and sensation
move/reposition ever 2 hours
incontinences/ moisture increases skin fragility
adequate nutrition and hydration
OT preventions for decubitus ulcers
seating and positioning evaluations
educating clients, caregivers, staff
strengthening and stretching programs to improve posture and mobility
modifications and adaptions to physical environment
evaluation of cognitive abilities and social environment
What is a total hip arthroplasty? (THA)
surgical replacement of femoral head and neck with prosthesis
typically with posterior approach
3 contraindications to standard hip precautions:
And why
no pelvifemoral flexion greater than 90 degrees
no pelvifemoral adduction
no pelvifemoral internal rotation
increases risk of prosthesis dislocation
effects of osteoporosis on spine
creates bone loss of vertebral bodies that can cause exaggerated thoracic kyphosis of the spine. This shifts the COM to cause movement of COG over BOS
What type of joint is the atlantooccipital joint?(AO)
AO joint is biaxial and condyloid
between occipital condyles and superior facts of the lateral masses of atlas vertebra
What type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint? (AA)
AA is a Uniaxial and pivot joint
between vertebral foramen of atlas and dens of axis
What type of joint is the zygapophyseal joint?
multiaxial and plane joint
between facet of inferior articular process of more superior vertebrae and facet of superior articular surface of more inferior vertebrae
What type of joint is the intervertebral joint?
Nonsynovial
joint between bodies of vertebrae
What is sarcopenia?
Sarcopenia is degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and peak strength
reduction in number of muscle fibers and size of muscle fibers
after age 60
Impacts of sarcopenia
Contributes to frailty syndrome (decline in ADL/IADL, functional mobility, shorter lifespan)
Changes to muscle tissue with immobilization
muscle atrophy within 10 days
decrease of muscle size, not number of fibers
decrease in functional strength
changes to muscle tissue with advanced age
sarcopenia after age 60
changes to muscle tissue with strength training
muscle hypertrophy
increase in size of muscle fibers, not numbers
What is Davis’ Law?
Soft tissue (like muscle) will adapt according to the biomechanical load placed on it
Application of Davis’ Law
Soft tissue (muscle) placed under higher biomechanical load will hypertrophy Will atrophy under lower load
Wolff’s Law
Bones will adapt according to the biomechanical load placed upon it
Application of Wolff’s Law
Trabeculae will increase in density and cortical bone will thicken with increased load. Will weaken with less load. Stress usually after 6-8 weeks recovery
Ligaments
connect bone to bone
tendons
connect muscle to bone
