misc Flashcards
which artery would cause an extradural haematoma/haemorrhage?
MMA
what is horners syndrome?
damage to sympathetic nerves of face by neck lesions
miosis, ptosis, less sweating on side effected
what is impetigo?
staphylococcal skin infection - highly contagious
sign of obstructive jaundice?
pale stool, dark urine
what virus is kaposi’s sarcoma associated with?
HHV8
what should you do as a dentist if your patient has yellow sputum?
sign of URTI - defer treatment
sign of thyroglossal cyst?
moves upwards when tongue sticks out
acromegaly is ex GH - where is GH produced?
pituitary gland
oral characteristic of Addisons disease?
pigmentation in buccal mucosa/FOM
what is Addisons disease?
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex - hypoadrenalism + low cortisol
MOA of oral pigmentation associated with Addisons?
less cortisol –> more ACTH –> stimulated melanocytes
what is cushings syndrome?
hypercortisolism
why must you never take NSAIDs and steroid together?
gastric ulceration
what causes ITP?
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
low platelet count
what virus causes herpetic whitlow?
herpes simplex virus
what is contusion?
bruised brain - brain hits off skull
what is diffuse axonal injury?
rotation of brain causing stretching + snapping of axons
what does ACVPU stand for?
a = alert c = new onset confusion v = respond to voice p = respond to pain u = unresponsive
what is the scale of GCS?
3-15
3 = totally comatose
what is anaerobic threshold?
point at which co2 production excessed o2 consumption
painful to exercise
how to measure functional capacity?
MET - metabolic equivalent test
> 4 good for surgery
what is used to measure risk of GA?
ASA grading
3-5 very worrying
what is U&E used to test?
renal function
what must you never take with miconazole?
nystatin
what is LA without adrenaline called?
mepivacaine
what is a pharmaceutical drug interaction?
incompatibility of mixing 2 chemically incompatible substances together
what is a pharmokinetic drug integration?
x alters y by altering conc
what is a phrarmodynamic drug interaction?
x alter y without altering concs
4 ways pathways pharmokinetic interactions alter
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
why must you take tetracycline on an empty stomach?
milk/antacids stop it from being absorbed
what sort of drugs are most likely to get an interaction affecting distribution?
an example
highly plasma protein bound >90%
aspirin + warfarin - affect of warfarin increased
what is an example of a drug metabolising enzyme (isosomes) in liver?
cytochrome p450 family
how does metabolism effect drug action?
faster metabolism = less effect
how do azoles effect warfarin?
compete for cytochrome metabolism
decreased clearance of warfarin
prolonged warfarin effects
where does metabolism normally happen?
liver or kidneys
where does excretion of drugs happen?
kidneys
how do NSAIDs effect methotrexate?
decreased (tubular) secretion
2 types of pharmacodynamic interactions?
antagonism + synergism
risk of taking NSAIDs + corticosteroids together?
risk of peptic ulceration
prescribe with PPI
what I shock?
life threatening failure of adequate o2 to tissues
- perfusion
- inadequate o2
- increased o2 demand
4 types of shock?
- hypovolaemic
- obstructive
- distributive
- cardiogenic
how to assess burn?
percentage of body covered + depth
what is colicky pain?
abdomen pain caused by obstruction of hollow viscus
anatomical shape of thyroid?
bow like - 2 lateral lobes joined at isthmus
which tracheal rings is the thyroid attached to?
2nd, 3rd, 4th
arterial supply of thyroid?
superior thyroid - branch of external carotid
inferior thyroid - thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery
venous drainage of thyroid?
superior + middle - drain to inf vena cava
inferior thyroid vein - drain to brachiocephalic veins
basic job of thyroid?
control metabolism
which is most potent, T3 or T4?
T3
3 hormones secreted by thyroid gland?
T3 = tri-iodothyronine
T4 = thyroxine
calcitonin
job of calcitonin?
lowers serum ca:
decrease Ca absorption from intestine
decrease osteoclastic activity
decrease reabsorption of Ca by kidney
define hypothyroidism
decreased T3 + T4, increased TSH
decreased metabolism
treatment of hypothyroidism?
thyroxine
define hyperthyroidism
increased T3 + T4, decreased TSH
increased metabolism
would a thyroid tumour cause hypo or hyper thyroids?
hyper
treatment of hyperthyroidism?
antithyroid drug = carbimazole
radioiodine 131
surgery
what is a toxic goitre?
goitre that changes thyroid function
