Misc

Question 1

Respiratory rate

Answer 1

Newborn: 33–45
One-year-old: 25–35
10: 15–20
Adult: 12–20

Question 2

Inspiration: expiration

Answer 2

Normal 1:2

COPD 1:3

Question 3

Increased blood pressure

Answer 3

Vasodilation, decreased cardiac output and heart rate

Question 4

Postural tachycardia syndrome

Answer 4

Heart rate increases 30 or more within 10 minutes of standing

Question 5

Bruit

Answer 5

Random sound/murmur, blowing sound, carotid or femoral artery

Indicative of Atherosclerosis

Question 6

Gallup rhythm

Answer 6

Three sounds per cycle – possible CHF, CAD, MI

Question 7

Hypovolemia

Answer 7

Decreased blood volume and plasma

Causes: bleeding, dehydration, severe burns

Symptoms: orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, increased body temperature

Question 8

Hypervolemia

Answer 8

Fluid overload, increased plasma

Causes: excessive fluid intake, sodium or fluid retention

Symptoms: swelling, fluid in lungs

Question 9

Plasma

Answer 9

Liquid component of blood – H2O, electrolytes, protein

Question 10

Red blood cells

Answer 10

Erythrocytes, hemoglobin + oxygen

Question 11

Anemia

Answer 11

Low red blood cells, so decreased oxygen, hemoglobin

Symptoms: pale, cyanosis, weakness, headache, vertigo. General fatigue more than muscle weakness

Question 12

Platelets

Answer 12

Thrombocytes, assist in clotting

Decreased: thrombocytopenia
Increased: thrombocythemia

Question 13

Hematocrit

Answer 13

Percentage of red blood cells

35–48%

Question 14

Hemoglobin

Answer 14

Molecule in red blood cells, binds with oxygen contains iron

12 – 16 g/dL

> 8: no exercise

8-10: low exercise

Question 15

Ventilation/perfusion ratio

Answer 15

0.8 – normal
Less: physiologic shunt – ventilation decreased
More: ventilation unchanged, blood flow/perfusion decreased. Pulmonary embolus

Question 16

Respiratory exchange ratio

Answer 16

VCO2/VO2

0.8 at rest

> 1.0 during intense exercise, nearing anaerobic exhaustion

Question 17

Korotkoff sounds

Answer 17

Blood-pressure auscultation

Phase 1–1st sounds
Phase 2 – softer, longer
Phase 3 – crisper, louder
Phase 4 – muffled, softer

Question 18

Best diagnostic for coronary artery disease

Answer 18

Cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography

Question 19

Claudication

Answer 19

Walk until moderate pain. Three out of 10 is not enough

Question 20

Egophony

Answer 20

Also Tatian: patient says E, you hear ah

Question 21

Whispered pectoriloquy

Answer 21

Auscultate while patient whispers one, two, three

Question 22

Ejection fraction

Answer 22

Normal: 60–70%

Low: Systolic heart failure

Question 23

RPE

Answer 23

11–13: upper limit of cardiac rehab

13–14 ~70% max HR