Misc Flashcards
thumb printing on AXR
intestinal oedema/ haemorrhage
– ischaemic colitis
Cinchonism
Quinine toxicity
Quinine is an antimalarial drug also used for leg cramps
features of toxicity: cardiac arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting and tinnitus, VISUAL disturbance
drugs that can be cleared by haemodialysis
Drugs that can be cleared with haemodialysis - mnemonic: BLAST
Barbiturate
Lithium
Alcohol (inc methanol, ethylene glycol)
Salicylates
Theophyllines (charcoal haemoperfusion is preferable)
what is a normal ABPI value and what value suggests arterial disease?
a ‘normal’ ABPI may be regarded as between 0.9 - 1.2. Values below 0.9 indicate arterial disease.
what do ABPI values above 1.3 suggest?
values above 1.3 may also indicate arterial disease, in the form of false-negative results secondary to arterial calcification
Proteasome function
Along with the lysosome pathway involved in degradation of protein molecules that have been tagged with ubiquitin
Peroxisome function
Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids and amino acids
Results in the formation of hydrogen peroxide
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
A mutation in the P53 gene can cause Li-Fraumeni syndrome which can present with soft tissue sarcomas, breast carcinoma, glioblastoma, lymphoma and leukaemia. It is a rare autosomal dominant disorder.
stopping of anti-epileptic drugs (AED)
Can be considered if seizure free for > 2 years, with AEDs being stopped over 2-3 months
37%
Paget’s disease urine test
- increased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline
what CD marker Found on cytotoxic T cells is a Co-receptor for MHC class I
CD8
The main ECG abnormality seen with hypercalcaemia is
shortening of the QT interval
large volumes of 0.9% Sodium Chloride for fluid therapy risks what metabolic change?
hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis
Motion sickness treatment
hyoscine > cyclizine > promethazine
Hepatorenal syndrome is primarily caused by
splanchnic vasodilation
This occurs due to the release of vasodilatory substances such as nitric oxide and prostaglandins in response to portal hypertension.
The resultant splanchnic vasodilation leads to a decrease in effective arterial blood volume, which in turn triggers activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. These compensatory mechanisms cause renal vasoconstriction and sodium retention, leading to worsening renal function.
Behcet’s syndrome, HLA association
HLA B51
biochemical changes with adrenaline infusion
Adrenaline induces hyperglycemia, hyperlactatemia and hypokalaemia
treatment of choice for essential tremor
Propranolol
Marfan’s syndrome + lower back pain associated with neurological problems such as bladder and bowel dysfunction - what manifetation?
dural ectasia (ballooning of the dural sac at the lumbosacral level)
the most appropriate test to check for latent tuberculosis?
Mantoux test
- interferon gamma
Which blood marker is first to appear during acute hepatitis B infection?
HBsAg
rascburicase vs allopurinol mechanism of action
Rasburicase - a recombinant version of urate oxidase, an enzyme that metabolizes uric acid to allantoin
allopurinol - xanthine oxidase inhibitor so less uric acid formed
urine dip, UTI and bacteria link
Gram negative organisms test positive on the nitrite test as they convert nitrates to nitrites for energy. Gram positive organisms are unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite and therefore, test negative.
examples of live attenuated vaccines
BCG
measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
influenza (intranasal)
oral rotavirus
oral polio
yellow fever
oral typhoid
do not give to immunocompromised
Infertility in PCOS
- clomifene is typically used first-line
metformin is second line
Down’s syndrome risk
1/1,000 at 30 years then divide by 3 for every 5 years
adrenaline doses
anaphylaxis: 0.5mg - 0.5ml 1:1,000 IM
cardiac arrest: 1mg - 10ml 1:10,000 IV
or 1ml of 1:1000 IV
mitochondrial disease unifying finding on muscle biopsy
muscle biopsy classically shows ‘red, ragged fibres’ due to increased number of mitochondria
muscle biopsy classically shows ‘red, ragged fibres’ due to increased number of mitochondria
mitochondrial disease
Bisphosphonates MOA
inhibit osteoclasts
the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis (sore throat) in children and young adults.
Streptococcus pyogenes. This organism, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is
people who are allergic to latex can also be allergic to which fruits
Latex-fruit syndrome
banana, pineapple, avocado, chestnut, kiwi fruit, mango, passion fruit and strawberry.
vitamin B and C deficiency
Vitamin B1(thiamine) deficiency can cause Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, cardiomyopathy and peripheral neuropathy. It is not particularly associated with angular cheilitis.
Vitamin B3(niacin) deficiency causes pellagra. This constitutes diarrhoea, dermatitis and dementia. While dermatitis may manifest as angular cheilitis, there is no mention of diarrhoea in the question stem so this answer is incorrect.
Vitamin B6(pyridoxine) deficiency causes sideroblastic anaemia and peripheral neuropathy. It is mainly caused by medications such as isoniazid.
Vitamin C(ascorbic acid) deficiency causes gingivitis, bruising and poor wound healing.
which phase determine the length of the cell cycle:
G1
Yellow nail syndrome (YNS)
- yellow discolouration of the nails
- lymphoedema
- respiratory manifestations.
A common complication of plasma exchange is
hypocalcaemia
which occurs as calcium is chelated by sodium citrate, the agent used as an anticoagulant during the procedure.
Torticollis is caused by
contracture of the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle which leads to the chin being pushed to the opposite side.
wilsons disease
inheritance and pathogenesis
Autosomal recessive
abnormal copper accumulation
low caeruloplasmin
Wilson’s disease, absence of ATP7B, also known as the Wilson’s disease protein, means caeruloplasmin cannot be correctly synthesised in hepatocytes, resulting in an effective absence in serum. copper accumulates in tissues
