immunology Flashcards
The standard error of the mean calculation
The standard error of the mean is calculated by the standard deviation / square root (number of patients)
Which cytokine is responsible for the chemotaxis of neutrophils?
IL-8
HLA antigens are encoded for by genes on which chrosome?
chromosome 6
which disease occurs as a result of mutated p53?
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterised by the early onset of a variety of cancers such as sarcoma, breast cancer and leukaemias. It is caused by mutation in the p53 gene.
INF Gamma vs TNF-Alpha
IFN Gamma released by Th1 to activate macrophages
TNF-alpha released by macrophages to cause neutrophil chemotaxis and fever
presentation of transfusion associated graft vs host disease
diarrhoea, liver damage, and rash
when does serum tryptase peak following anaphylaxis?
1 hour
immunoglobulins and key functions
IgM - first response, fixes complement, cannot pass into fetus.
responsible for agglutination in blood group mismatch
IgG - fixes complement, cannot pass into fetus. . Most abundance in blood
- type 2 and 3 hypersensitivity
IgA - protection of mucous membranes, most commonly produced immunoglobulin
IgD - activates B cells
IgE - synthesised by plasma cells and binds to mast cells to release histamine in type! hypersensitivity
- also parasitic immunity
- least abundant
cANCA
= granulomatosis with polyangiitis
cANCA target
Serine proteinase 3 (PR3)
pANCA target
myeloperoxidase (MPO)
vaccines which hepatitis viruses exist?
A and B
Live attenuated vaccines
BCG
MMR
oral polio
yellow fever
oral typhoid
The Gell and Coombs classification
type 1 = anaphylaxis
antigen binds to IgE –> mast cells
type 2 = cell bound
IgM/G binds to an antigen on cell surface
eg. autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
eg. hyperacute organ rejection
type 3 = immune complexes
free antigen binds to free antibody and depost
eg. SLE
type 4 = delayed hypersensitivity
T cell mediated
eg. graft vs host dises
eg. allergic contact dermatitis
type 5 = antibodies that bind to receptors and stimulate or block them
eg. Graves
eg. Myasthenia gravis
mx. legionella pneumonia
Macrolides such as clarithromycin
