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Biology GCSE > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

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1
Q

Which blood vessel allows for the exchange of food and oxygen?

A

Capillaries

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2
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chloroplasts in the leaves of a plant

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3
Q

What is the name of the green pigment in the leaves?

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

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5
Q

What type of energy is used in photosynthesis?

A

light energy

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6
Q

Give the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

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7
Q

Give the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

Define the term limiting factor

A

anything that limits the rate of a reaction when it is in short supply

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9
Q

Give the limiting factors of photosynthesis

A
  • temperature
  • carbon dioxide concentration
  • light intensity
  • amount of chlorophyll
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10
Q

Describe how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis.

A

increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis until another factor becomes limiting

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11
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis

A

increasing carbon dioxide concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis until another factor becomes limiting

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12
Q

Describe how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis

A

increasing temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis as the reaction rate increases- at high temperatures enzymes are denatured so the rate of photosynthesis quickly decreases

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13
Q

Give the equation for the inverse square law for light intensity

A

light intensity ∝ 1
————
distance2

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14
Q

Why are limiting factors important in the economics of growing plants in greenhouses?

A

greenhouses need to produce the maximum rate of photosynthesis whilst making profit

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15
Q

How do plants use the glucose produced in photosynthesis?

A
  • Respiration
  • Convert it into insoluble starch for storage
  • produced fat or oil for storage
  • produce cellulose to strengthen cell walls
  • produce amino acids for protein synthesis
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16
Q

Why is a leaf an organ?

A

there are many tissues inside the leaf that work together to perform photosynthesis

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17
Q

How is the upper epidermis adapted for its function?

A
  • single layer of transparent cells allow light to pass through
  • cells secrete a waxy substance that makes leaves waterproof
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18
Q

How is the palisade mesophyll adapted for its function?

A

tightly packed cells with lots of chloroplasts to absorb as much light as possible for photosynthesis

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19
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll adapted for its function?

A

air spaces increase the surface area and allow gases to diffuse quickly

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20
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

control the opening and closing of the stomata

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21
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the rest of the plant

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22
Q

Give three adaptations of the xylem

A
  • made of dead cells
  • no end wall between cells
  • walls strengthened by a chemical called lignin to withstand the pressure of the water
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23
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

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24
Q

What is the purpose of translocation?

A

transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant for respiration, growth and storage

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25
Q

Define the term transpiration

A

movement of water from the roots to the leaves through the xylem

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26
Q

What is the purpose of transpiration?

A
  • Provide water to keep cells turgid
  • provide water to cells for photosynthesis
  • transport mineral ions to leaves
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27
Q

Name four factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

temperature, light intensity, humidity, and wind speed

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28
Q

What effect does temperature have on the rate of transpiration?

A

higher temperatures increase the rate of transpiration

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29
Q

What effect does humidity have on the rate of transpiration?

A

higher levels of humidity decrease the rate of transpiration

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30
Q

Why does increased light intensity increase the rate of transpiration?

A

stomata open wider to let more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis

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31
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

allow diffusion of gases into and out of the plant

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32
Q

Where are most stomata found?

A

underside of leaves

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33
Q

What is the advantage to the plant of having a high number of stomata at this location?

A

reduces the amount of water loss through evaporation

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34
Q

How does pollution cause a decrease in biodiversity?

A
  • It kills plants and animals
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35
Q

Name the level of organisation which best describes the interaction of living organisms with the non-living parts of their environment

A
  • Ecosystem
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36
Q

Which term describes the community of living organisms interacting with the abiotic factors of a specific area?

A
  • An ecosystem
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37
Q

Which risk factors are associated with an increased rate of non-communicable diseases?

A
  • Lifestyle
  • Alcohol
  • Carcinogens
  • Lack of exercise
  • Smoking
  • Diet
  • Ionising radiation
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38
Q

The human body’s first line of defence against pathogens is the non-specific defence system. Describe TWO non- specific defence systems of the human body

A

Any TWO from:
- Skin- physical barrier
- Nose- hair/mucus trap pathogens
- Trachea/ Bronchi (cilia)/Ciliated cells wafting moving pathogens up and out of the airway
- Stomach- acidic environment kills pathogens
- Tears
- Phagocytes

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39
Q

Which plant tissue provides a protective layer covering the plant?

A

Epidermal tissue provides a protective layer covering the plant

40
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of respiration, which releases energy

41
Q

Definition of ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

42
Q

Definition of active transport

A

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient, and so requiring energy

43
Q

Define biodiversity

A

Biodiversity is the variety of different species of organisms on Earth

44
Q

Give 3 ways in which water pollution can occur

A
  • sewage
  • Fertilisers
  • Toxic chemicals
45
Q

Give 3 reasons why deforestation has occurred in tropical areas

A
  • Cattle farming
  • Rice fields
  • Using land to grow biofuels
46
Q

Name 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Light intensity
  • Wind movement
47
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

The xylem transports water and dissolved mineral ions

48
Q

If ions are in a higher concentration in a root hair cell compared to the soil, by what process do they enter the plant?

A

Active transport

49
Q

Name 7 abiotic factors

A

Moisture levels, temperature, pH of soil, light intensity, wind intensity + direction, carbon dioxide levels for plants, oxygen levels for aquatic animals

50
Q

3 factors that affect the rate of decay

A

temperature, moisture, availability of oxygen

51
Q

4 biotic factors

A

Number of predators, presence of disease, availability of mates, competition, number of prey

52
Q

1 gas produced by anaerobic decay in a biogas generator

A

Methane

53
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration release less energy to the environment?

A

Anaerobic respiration is the incomplete oxidation of glucose

54
Q

What is the term for the transport of sugars and amino acids in the phloem?

A

Translocation

55
Q

How could you measure the rate of photosynthesis more accurately than counting bubbles?

A

Use a gas syringe

56
Q

Two uses of peat from a peat bog

A

Burn as fuel, compost/fertiliser

57
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration down the concentration gradient

58
Q

What is the purpose of a control?

A

A control makes sure that the results of the experiment are due to the variables changed and nothing else

59
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration in yeast

A

glucose -> carbon dioxide + alcohol

60
Q

Suggest ONE way how the glucose produced during photosynthesis is used

A
  • converted to starch
  • converted to cellulose
  • converted to lipids
  • used with nitrates to form amino acids
  • respiration
61
Q

What is the name given to the variety of different species in a particular area?

A

Biodiversity

62
Q

Explain why a species of plant might require the presence of particular animal in its habitat

A

The plant may require the animals for pollination or seed dispersal

63
Q

Describe TWO adaptations of the xylem cell

A
  • Dead cells / lose end walls forming a continuous hollow tube
  • Lignin in cell walls gives strength and support
64
Q

Where does the process of deamination take place?

A

Liver

65
Q

What substance is produced by deamination?

A

Ammonia

66
Q

What substances are removed from the body when sweating?

A

Urea
Ions
Water

67
Q

Give 2 substances which are not filtered out of the kidney

A

Protein
White blood cells

68
Q

Explain why proteins and white blood cells are not filtered out of the blood

A

They are too large to be filtered out of the blood by the permeable membrane

69
Q

What substances (and how much) is reabsorbed by the kidney?

A

Some ions
All glucose
Some water

70
Q

The water level in the body is controlled by the hormone ADH. Where is ADH released from?

A

Pituitary gland

71
Q

How does ADH travel to the kidneys?

A

In the bloodstream

72
Q

On a Hot day Person A is dehydrated and has not had enough water. How will the body respond?

A

More ADH is released

73
Q

What will happen to the volume and concentration of urine produced by Person A in the scenario above?

A

It will become more concentrated and of a smaller volume

74
Q

When the kidney fails, one option is to use dialysis as a treatment. What waste substances will move through the partially permeable membrane from the blood into the dialysis fluid?

A

Urea
Excess ions
Excess water

75
Q

Give two advantages of treating kidney failure with dialysis rather than a transplant

A
  • readily available
  • no risk of rejection
76
Q

Which plant hormone is responsible for ripening?

A

Ethene

77
Q

What is the use of auxin in plant growth and development?

A

Killing weeds

78
Q

Which plant hormone is responsible for controlling seed dormancy and germination?

A

Gibberellin

79
Q

What happens to the plant cells on the dark side of the shoot when there is more auxin present?

A

They grow more/faster & longer

80
Q

What is tropism?

A

A plant’s response to a stimulus

81
Q

Which plant hormone is responsible for promoting flowering?

A

Ethene

82
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A plant’s response to light

83
Q

Why is auxin important in plant growth and development?

A

It promotes cell elongation

84
Q

How does auxin affect the growth of the root in gravitropism?

A

It promotes cell growth in the root

85
Q

What is the effect of auxin on the cells on the top of the root in gravitropism?

A

They stop growing

86
Q

What is the purpose of thickening the lining of the uterus?

A

To allow implantation of the embryo

87
Q

On which day is fertilisation most likely to occur?

A

14

88
Q

Which hormone causes thickening of the lining of the uterus?

A

Oestrogen

89
Q

Which hormone maintains the uterus lining?

A

Progesterone

90
Q

Which hormone triggers ovulation?

A

LH

91
Q

Which hormone(s) is/are released from the pituitary gland?

A

LH and FSH

92
Q

If fertilisation and therefore pregnancy does occur, which hormone do you think remain high?

A

LH and Oestrogen

93
Q

What affect does oestrogen have on the other hormones?

A

stimulate LH
inhibit FSH

94
Q

What affect does progesterone have on the other hormones?

A

Inhibit FSH
Inhibit LH

95
Q

Contraception can be used to lower the chance of pregnancy. Explain how the contraceptive pill works.

A

Contains hormones to stop eggs maturing

96
Q

Contraception can be used to lower the chance of pregnancy. Explain how a diaphragm works.

A

Barrier to prevent sperm reaching the egg

97
Q

Contraception can be used to lower the chance of pregnancy. Explain how spermicidal cream works.

A

Kills sperm

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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