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Biology GCSE > 5- Homeostasis and response > Flashcards

5- Homeostasis and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What stimulus is the eye receptor sensitive to?

A

Light

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2
Q

What stimulus is the ear receptor sensitive to?

A

Sound / balance

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3
Q

What stimulus is the tongue / nose receptor sensitive to?

A

Chemicals

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4
Q

What stimulus is the skin receptor sensitive to?

A

pressure / temperature

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5
Q

What stimulus is the brain receptor sensitive to?

A

Blood temperature, concentration of water in the blood

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6
Q

What stimulus is the pancreas receptor sensitive to?

A

Concentration of glucose

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7
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the internal or external environment of a cell

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8
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Cells which detect a stimulus and convert it into an electrical impulse

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9
Q

What is a coordinator?

A

Something that processes the information and coordinates the effectors

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10
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle or gland that brings about a response

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11
Q

What does a response do?

A

Restores optimum levels

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12
Q

What is the sequence for a nervous system?

A

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Coordinator -> Effector -> Response

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13
Q

What is a neurone?

A

Nerve cells

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14
Q

What do neurones do?

A

Carry electrical impulses:
- from receptors to the CNS
- from the CNS to effectors

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones?

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

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16
Q

Function of sensory neurones

A

Send information from the receptor to the spinal cord and brain (CNS)

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17
Q

Function of relay neurones

A

Send information between sensory and motor neurone

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18
Q

Function of motor neurones

A

Send information AWAY from CNS to muscles or glands

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19
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Reflexes are automatic and are faster than conscious though, as the coordination happens in the spinal cord. The purpose of this is to protect us from damage/harm. After the reflex, the brain detects what has happened

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20
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between 2 neurones

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21
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Control unconscious activities (e.g. heart rate, breathing, movements in the gut (peristalis))

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22
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A

The master gland

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23
Q

Which region in the brain is the largest?

A

Cerebral cortex

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24
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

memory, conscious thought, language and intelligence

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25
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates muscular activity and balance

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26
Q

Why is it difficult to investigate the brain? (4)

A
  • protected by the skull
  • complex with different regions + functions
  • billions of neurones + their synapses
  • tissue is delicate + could cause brain damage
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27
Q

Why is it difficult to treat brain damage? (4)

A
  • It’s very difficult for drugs to get to the neurones in the brain
  • This is because there is a barrier between the blood vessels and the brain called the blood-brain barrier
  • It’s also challenging to do surgery as we son’t understand what different parts of the brain do - billions of neurones
  • Brain disorders are difficult to treat because drugs cannot cross blood-brain barrier
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28
Q

Function of the sclera

A

Tough and strong. Prevents damage to eyeball

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29
Q

Function of the cornea

A

Transparent area of sclera. Refracts light

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30
Q

Function of the iris

A

Made of radial and circular muscles. Controls size of pupil

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31
Q

Function of the pupil

A

A space that allows light through

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32
Q

Function of the lens

A

A clear disk that can change shape, fine tuning the focussing of light rays

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33
Q

Function of the suspensory ligament

A

Holds the lens in place

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34
Q

Function of the ciliary muscle

A

Attaches to the suspensory ligaments and contracts and relaxes changing the shape of the lens

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35
Q

Function of the retina

A

An area at the back of the eye which is filled with light sensitive cells

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36
Q

Function of the optical nerve

A

A bundle of sensory neurones which send impulses to the brain

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37
Q

Function of blind spot

A

The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye. There is no retina in this area

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38
Q

What does the circular muscle do in bright light?

A

Contract

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39
Q

What does the radial muscles do in bright light?

A

Relax

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40
Q

How does the pupil change with bright light?

A

It constricts

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41
Q

What does the circular muscle do in dim light?

A

Relax

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42
Q

What does the radial muscle do in dim light?

A

Contract

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43
Q

What does the pupil do in dim light?

A

Dilate

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44
Q

Nervous pathway for bright light

A

Stimulus: Bright light
Receptor: Retina
Coordinator: Optic nerve -> brain
Effector: Circular muscles contract
Respons: Constricted pupil

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45
Q

Definition of accomodation

A

Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments work to change the shape of the lens to focus light onto the retina.

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46
Q

What happens to light going in in bright light?

A

Reduced to protect retina

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47
Q

What happens to light going in in dim light?

A

More to allow vision at low light intensity

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48
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscle when looking at something far away?

A

Relax

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49
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscle when looking at something near?

A

Contract

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50
Q

Suspensory ligament when looking at something far away

A

Tight

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51
Q

Suspensory ligament when looking at something near

A

Loose

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52
Q

Lens when looking at something far away

A

Less convex / thinner

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53
Q

Lens when looking at something near

A

More convex / thicker

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54
Q

Light refraction when looking at something far away

A

Less

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55
Q

Light refraction when looking at something near

A

More

56
Q

Why does reaching make your eyes ache?

A

Ciliary muscles contract to focus on near words

57
Q

What is myopia also known as?

A

Short sighted

58
Q

What is hyperopia also known as?

A

Long sighted

59
Q

If you have myopia, where does the focus fall?

A

In front of the retina

60
Q

If you have hyperopia, where does the focus fall?

A

Behind retina

61
Q

If you have myopia, which objects are in focus?

A

Near

62
Q

If you have hyperopia, which objects are in focus?

A

Far

63
Q

If you have myopia, what type of corrective lenses are needed?

A

Concave

64
Q

If you have hyperopia, what type of corrective lenses are needed?

A

Convex

65
Q

Myopia light refracton

A

Out

66
Q

Hyperopia light refraction

A

In

67
Q

If you have myopia, where will the focus be moved to if you get glasses?

A

Back onto retina

68
Q

If you have hyperopia, where will the focus be moved to if you get glasses?

A

Forwards onto retina

69
Q

what is the function of the cornea?

A

Refracts light

70
Q

What part of the eye detects light?

A

Retina

71
Q

what happens to lens to focus light from near objects?

A

It becomes more convex

72
Q

what happens to the ciliary muscles to slacken the suspensory ligaments?

A

They contract

73
Q

If a lens gets thicker, does light bend more or less?

A

More

74
Q

what happens to the lens to focus light from distant objects?

A

Less convex

75
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles so the suspensory ligaments tighten?

A

They relax

76
Q

If a lens gets thinner, does light bend more or less?

A

Less

77
Q

Alternative vision correction treatments: Contact lenses

A

Lenses placed on the surface of the eye, can’t see them. Removed over night in sterile solution

78
Q

What are the two types of contact lenses?

A

Hard and soft

79
Q

Hard contact lenses

A

last a long time, ridged, remove every night

80
Q

Soft contact lenses

A

more flexible, can be worn for 30days or some disposable after a day

81
Q

Alternative vision correction treatments: Laser eye surgery

A

Lasers are used to reduce the thickness or increase the curve of the cornea to help focus light on the retina. Only available once eyes have stopped growing and vision stable

82
Q

Alternative vision correction treatments: Replacement lenses

A

Permanent contact lens implanted into eye in front of or in place of the natural lens. Risks include damage to retina, cataracts and infections if original lens remains in place

83
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

System of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

84
Q

How do the effects of the endocrine system compare to those of the nervous system?

A

The effects caused by the endocrine system are slower but they act for longer

85
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Brain

86
Q

Which organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?

A

pancreas

87
Q

Which hormones interact to regulate blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin and glucagon

88
Q

What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancreas produces insufficient insulin

89
Q

What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Body cells no longer respond to insulin

90
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Causes eggs to mature in the ovaries, and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

91
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg

92
Q

What is the function of oestrogen?

A

causes lining of uterus wall to thicken

93
Q

What are the methods of hormonal contraception?

A

Oral contraceptives, injection, implant, skin patch, IUD

94
Q

What are the methods of non-hormonal contraception?

A

barrier methods, copper IUD, spermicidal agents, sterilisation, abstinence

95
Q

State the disadvantages of IVF treatment

A
  • emotionally and physically stressful
  • low success rate
  • can lead to risky multiple births
96
Q

What is the function of adrenaline in the body?

A

Increases heart rate and boosts delivery of oxygen

97
Q

What is the function of thyroxine in the body?

A

stimulates basal metabolic rate, so is important for growth and development

98
Q

Name one hormone controlled by negative feedback

A

thyroxine

99
Q

Which endocrine glands control secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Ovaries in females, testes in males

100
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Diabetes is a non-communicable disease where the body either cannot produce or cannot respond to insulin, leading to uncontrolled blood glucose concentrations

101
Q

Function of progesterone

A
  • maintains thick uterus lining
  • inhibits release of FSH and LH
102
Q

What happens during IVF treatment?

A
  1. mother given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs
  2. eggs collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in a laboratory
  3. fertilised eggs develop into embryos
  4. one or two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb) when the embryos are still tiny balls of cells
103
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment

104
Q

Give three internal conditions controlled in homeostasis

A

body temperature
blood glucose concentration
water levels

105
Q

Give three things all control systems include

A

receptors
coordination centres
effectors

106
Q

Where is the body temperature monitored and controlled?

A

thermoregulatory centre in the brain

107
Q

What happens if body temperature is too high?

A

blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) and sweat is produced

108
Q

What happens if body temperature is too low?

A

blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops, and shivering takes place

109
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

filter and reabsorb useful substances from the blood, and produce urine to excrete excess water, ions and urea

110
Q

How are excess amino acids excreted from the body?

A

deaminated to form ammonia in the liver, ammonia is converted to urea and excreted

111
Q

Which hormone controls the water level in the body?

A

ADH

112
Q

How is kidney failure treated?

A

organ transplant or kidney dialysis

113
Q

In kidney dialysis, what fluid is temporarily removed from the patients body?

A

blood

114
Q

In kidney dialysis, name one substance that diffuses from the patients blood into the dialysis fluid

A

Urea or waste products

115
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

116
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids

117
Q

Amino acids are de-aminated to form ammonia in what organ of the body?

A

The liver

118
Q

Why does ammonia need to be excreted safely?

A

Ammonia is toxic

119
Q

State two things controlled by negative feedback in the body

A

Blood glucose, water, thyroxine

120
Q

Where is the hormone adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenal glands

121
Q

What is the function of adrenaline?

A

Prepares the body for fight or flight, increases heart rate

122
Q

Where is the hormone thyroxine produced?

A

Thyroid gland

123
Q

What is the function of thyroxine?

A

Regulates how quickly the body produces energy, makes proteins

124
Q

What is tropism?

A

The growth of a plant in response to an external stimulus (e.g. light or gravity)

125
Q

Two examples of tropism

A

Phototropism
Gravitropism (or geotropism)

126
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Growth in response to light

127
Q

What is gravitropism (or geotropism)?

A

Growth in response to gravity

128
Q

Purpose of auxin in shoots/stems

A

Cell division and elongation

129
Q

Process of phototropism

A
  1. The hormone auxin is produced from the tip of the shoot
  2. If light is shone from the side
  3. Auxin accumulates on the shady side
  4. This leads to more growth on the shady side
  5. This unequal growth causes the shoot to grow towards the light
130
Q

Process of gravitropism

A
  1. Auxin produced from the tip of the root and shoot
  2. Gravity causes auxin to build up on the side facing the ground
  3. The root grows down because auxin inhibits growth on the bottom side
  4. The shoot grows up because auxin stimulates growth on the bottom side
  5. In both cases unequal growth causes the root or shoot to grow either towards or away from gravity
131
Q

Uses of auxin

A

as weed killer
as rooting powders
for promoting growth in tissue culture

132
Q

Why is auxin an effective weed killer?

A

When absorbed by broad leaved plants they cause rapid growth which kills the plant
They don’t kill grass as it has narrow leaves and a small surface area

133
Q

What are gibberellins?

A

Hormones that are important in initiating seed germination

134
Q

What is ethene?

A

a gas produced by plants that controls cell division and the ripening of fruit

135
Q

Uses of ethene

A

used in the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport

136
Q

Uses of gibberellins

A
  • end seed dormancy
  • promote flowering
  • increase fruit size

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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