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Biology GCSE > 4- Bioenergetics > Flashcards

4- Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H1206 + 6O2

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3
Q

How do plants and algae absorb the energy?

A

Plants and algae absorb the energy by a green substance called chlorophyll (found in chloroplasts). This energy is transferred by light

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4
Q

Does chlorophyll take in energy or give out energy?

A

Chlorophyll takes in energy

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5
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction
- the reaction transfers energy from the environment to the chloroplasts by light
- the energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and transferred to chemical energy which is stored as glucose

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6
Q

What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

A

Factors that can slow down the rate of photosynthesis if they are in short supply or not at the optimum

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7
Q

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light intensity
  2. Carbon dioxide concentration
  3. Temperature
  4. Number of chloroplasts
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8
Q

Describe and explain the graph (rate of photosynthesis vs light intensity)- in misc biology stuff word doc

A
  • As the intensity of light increases the rate of photosynthesis increases
  • This is because light intensity is the limiting factor
  • At (give data) it no longer increases, and the rate remains the same
  • This is because another factor becomes limiting, e.g. temperature or number of chloroplasts
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9
Q

Describe and explain the graph (rate of photosynthesis vs temperature) - in misc biology stuff word doc

A
  • The rate of photosynthesis increases as temperature increases
  • This is because the enzymes involved in photosynthesis are getting closer to their optimum temperature
  • As temperature increases beyond the optimum the rate of photosynthesis declines rapidly
  • This is because the enzyme has now denatured
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10
Q

Describe and explain the graph (rate of photosynthesis vs carbon dioxide concentration)- in misc biology stuff

A
  • As the rate of carbon dioxide concentration increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis
  • This is because carbon dioxide concentration is the limiting factor
  • At (give data), whilst the carbon dioxide concentration is still increasing, the rate of photosynthesis stays the same
  • This is because another factor becomes limiting, e.g. temperature or light intensity
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11
Q

How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

A

Photosynthesis makes glucose which is then used in respiration to release energy

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12
Q

Endothermic reaction definition

A

A chemical reaction in which energy is required for the chemical reaction to take place

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13
Q

Why does photosynthesis have an optimum temperature?

A

Because it is a chemical reaction and all chemical reactions in biology are controlled by enzymes. The enzymes that control photosynthesis have an optimum temperature.

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14
Q

Why do plants need to do respiration?

A

To release energy to carry out chemical reactions

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15
Q

What is the term we use to describe the relationship between light intensity and distance?

A

The inverse square law

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16
Q

What is the acronym for the uses of glucose?

A

CORSA
Cellulose, Oils, Respiration, Starch, Amino acids

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17
Q

Uses of glucose: Starch

A
  • Storage- starch is insoluble, so won’t affect osmosis
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18
Q

Uses of glucose: Cellulose

A
  • Cell walls in plants
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19
Q

Uses of glucose: Amino acids

A
  • Formed by glucose + NITRATES
  • for protein synthesis
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20
Q

Uses of glucose: Oils

A
  • for storage
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21
Q

What are the uses of glucose?

A

CORSA
Cellulose, Oils, Respiration, Starch, Amino acids

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22
Q

What are the factors that can be manipulated to increase yields in a greenhouse?

A
  1. Light- Using artificial light to increase the length of time plants are exposed to light
  2. Carbon dioxide- Using waste carbon dioxide from industrial processes or from burning wood to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide available for photosynthesis
  3. Temperature- Heating a greenhouse to achieve a consistent optimum temperature (for photosynthesis)
23
Q

Carbon dioxide + methane

A

Levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere are increasing, and contribute to ‘global warming’

24
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water –light–> glucose + oxygen

25
Q

Balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2

26
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction in which energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light

27
Q

Uses of glucose produced in respiration:

A
  • Used in respiration
  • converted into insoluble starch for storage
  • used to produce fat or oil for storage
  • used to produce cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall
  • used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis
28
Q

What do plants need to use to produce proteins?

A

To produce proteins, plants also use nitrate ions that are absorbed from the soil

29
Q

Structurally speaking, what is a leaf?

A

The leaf is a plant organ

30
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As temperature increases the number of collisions increases, therefore the rate of photosynthesis increases. However, at high temperatures enzymes are denatured, therefore photosynthesis decreases

31
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until another factor becomes limiting

32
Q

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As carbon dioxide concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until another factor becomes limiting

33
Q

How does the number of chloroplasts affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As the number of chloroplasts increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases until another factor becomes limiting

34
Q

Inverse square law

A

Light intensity = 1
—————
distance2

35
Q

Plants need energy to make glucose.
How do plants get this energy?

A

Light is trapped by chloroplasts

36
Q

Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

Exothermic

37
Q

What are some uses of energy?

A
  • Digestion- breaking large molecules into small ones
  • muscle contraction
  • protein synthesis
  • repair of tissues
  • temperature regulation
  • cell division
  • active transport
  • passage of nerve impulses
38
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy released

39
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

40
Q

Where does aerobic respiration mainly occur?

A

In the mitochondria

41
Q

Is aerobic respiration complete or incomplete oxidation of glucose?

A

Complete oxidation of glucose

42
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur in animals?

A

In the cytoplasm of cells

43
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur in animals?

A

When not enough oxygen is being supplied to muscles during vigorous exercise

44
Q

What does anaerobic respiration produce in animals?

A

Lactic acid which is toxic

45
Q

What does too much lactic acid lead to in animals?

A

Cramp

46
Q

Is anaerobic respiration complete or incomplete oxidation of glucose?

A

Incomplete

47
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose -> lactic acid (+ energy released)

48
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur in plants and yeast?

A

In the cytoplasm

49
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi called?

A

Fermentation

50
Q

How is anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi useful?

A
  • economically useful as it is used in the production of bread (causing it to rise) and beer/wine (making it alcoholic)
51
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?

A

glucose -> alcohol + carbon dioxide

52
Q

Why does aerobic respiration release more energy than anaerobic?

A

It is the complete oxidation, whilst anaerobic is the incomplete oxidation of glucose

53
Q

Why is respiration referred to as an exothermic reaction?

A

transferring energy to environment

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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