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biology > mini test on response > Flashcards

mini test on response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define phototropism

A

directional response to light

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2
Q

what is auxin

A

a phytohormone (growth factor produced in response to light)

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3
Q

on what side of the plant does auxin accumulate

A

shady side

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4
Q

effect of auxin on plant shoots

A

causes cell elongation by breaking down the cell walls using H+ ions to increase acidity, weakens hydrogen bonds between molecules- water enters

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5
Q

the effect of a plant growth factor depends on

A
  • conc. of growth factor
  • stem or roots
  • developmental stage of the plant
  • species of plant
  • other growth factors present (synergism or antagonism)
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6
Q

define photoreceptors

A

structures or pigments that are sensitive to light, often of a specific wavelength

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7
Q

define phototropins

A

a group of photoreceptors primarily responsible for triggering phototropisms

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8
Q

where is auxin made?

A

meristems and young leaves

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9
Q

effect of IAA on root growth (phototropism)

A

negative- redistributes to the shaded side of the root and inhibits root growth so the side with a lower concentration will grow faster and the root will bend away from the light

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10
Q

effect of IAA on root growth (geotropism)

A

positive- redistributes to the underside of the root and inhibits growth so the root will bend towards gravity

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11
Q

define stimulus

A

a detectable change in the internal/external environment

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12
Q

define receptor

A

a cell or organ that detects change in internal/external environment
- detects a specific stimulus and converts energy into a generator potential which can cause an action potential in the sensory neurone

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13
Q

define coordinator

A

connects information between the receptor and appropriate effector

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14
Q

define effector

A

a cell, tissue, organ, or system that carries out a response

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15
Q

define taxes and kineses (vague)

A

simple responses that can maintain a mobile organism in a favourable environment

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16
Q

what’s the difference between taxes and kineses

A

taxes is directional but kineses is moving more or less

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17
Q

what do you use to keep a section of a choice chamber dry

A

calcium chloride

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18
Q

purpose of the cell body of a neurone

A

contains the nucleus and organelles

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19
Q

purpose of the dendrites in a neurone

A

conducts impulses towards the cell body

20
Q

purpose of the axon in a neurone

A

transmits impulses away from the cell body

21
Q

define nerve

A

complex tissue containing a bundle of axons of many neurons with a protective covering

22
Q

purpose of schwaan cells

A

produce multiple plasma membrane layers which wrap around the axon and dendron, causing it to become myelinated

23
Q

importance of myelination

A

action potential can be generated at nodes of ranvier, allowing saltatory conduction to occur instead of generating an action potential along the whole length of the neurone

24
Q

define transducer

A

something that converts energy from one form to another

25
Q

define ligand

A

molecule that binds to a receptor, causing a change within a cell (e.g. nt)

26
Q

how is a resting potential generated

A

1) sodium potassium pump (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in) - axon becomes overall negative
2) potassium leak channel (K+ leave via facilitated diffusion)

27
Q

what is the negative charge for resting potential

A

-70mV

28
Q

action potential - stimulus

A
  • excites membrane
  • L-gated Na+ ion channels open
  • Na+ in down electrochemical gradient
  • neurone becomes less negative
29
Q

action potential - depolarisation

A
  • of threshold of -55mV is met, V-gated Na+ channels open
  • more Na+ in
  • positive feedback, overall charge becomes +ve
30
Q

action potential - repolarisation

A
  • Na+ channels close at threshold of +30mV
  • V-gated K+ channels open and K+ diffuse out of neurone down conc. gradient
  • membrane begins to return to resting potential
31
Q

action potential - hyperpolarisation

A
  • K+ channels slow to close so ‘overshoot’ occurs
  • becomes more negative than resting potential
32
Q

action potential - final step

A
  • Na+ K+ pump returns membrane to resting potential
33
Q

why is the refractory period important

A

ensures unidirectional flow as the neurone is too negative for V-gated Na+ channels to open
(recently depolarised area of neurone can’t be restimulated by the depolarisation it just initiated in the nearby node)

34
Q

define mechanoreceptor

A

detects mechanical deformation (e.g. pacinian corpuscle, baroreceptors-blood pressure)

35
Q

generator potential in pacinian corpuscle

A
  • deformation of fluid filled capsule of membranes
  • Na+ influx into axon by stretch-mediated Na+ channels
  • causes generator potential
36
Q

what is retinal convergence

A

spatial summation of rods to bipolar neuron

37
Q

+ve and -ve of spatial summation in rods

A
  • high sensitivity as can summate signals to meet thresholds so can see in lower light intensities
  • low visual acuity
38
Q

what pigment do rod cells contain

A

rhodopsin

39
Q

what pigment do cone cells contain

A

iodopsin

40
Q

what is glutamate

A

an inhibitory nt, rod cells stop releasing it when hyperpolarised (in light) so potential generated in bipolar neurone

41
Q

how is unidirectional flow created in synaptic transmission

A
  • refractory period
  • L-gated Na+ channels are only on post synaptic membrane
42
Q

what is acetyl choline

A

the primary nt in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
- involved in rest and digest

43
Q

what ions are involved at an inhibitory synapatic transmission

A

K+ out of membrane and Cl- into membrane to create hyperpolarisation

44
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

a characteristic of cardiac muscle where it can initiate its own contractions without the need for nervous stimulation

45
Q

sinoatrial node

A

generates electrical impulse in the heart

biology (13 decks)

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