final dc4 deck Flashcards
enzymes for protein digestion (there are two, one at the ends and one that can work in the middle)
endopeptidases and exopeptidases
how are amino acids carried across the endothelium of the small intestine
cotransport with Na+ ions
artery adaptations
folded endothelium
elastic tissue
thick muscular layer
arterioles adaptations
muscles to contract and restrict blood flow or relax to allow full blood flow
veins adaptations
wider lumen
very little elastic or muscle tissue
valves
what stays in the capillaries when tissue fluid is forced out
large proteins which lower the water potential
where is excess tissue fluid sent
drained into the lymphatic system
how to improve potometer practical
cut the shoot underwater at a slant to increase surface area
assemble the potometer underwater so no air can enter
keep end of tube submurged in water
effect of emphysema lung disease
foreign particles (usually from smoking) become trapped in the alveoli causing inflamation, and so attracting phagocytes to the area which produce enzymes that break down elastin so the alveoli can’t recoil well
fibrosis
scar tissue in the lungs, less able to expand and also thicker diffusion distance
inspiration
external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, diaphragm flattens, ribcage moves up and out, thoracic cavity volume increase, pressure decrease
expiration
external muscles and diaghram relax, diaphragm arches, ribcage moves in and down
forced expiration
internal muscles contract, pulling ribcage further down and in
xerophytic adaptations
stomata sunken in pits that trap moist air, reducing diffusion gradient, hairs to trap moist air around the stomata, curled leaves to protect from wind, waxy cuticles to prevent evaporation
how many hydrogen bonds between thymine and adenine
2
