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history revision > mini Quiz- Late 18th Century And 19th Century Health And Medicine > Flashcards

mini Quiz- Late 18th Century And 19th Century Health And Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What year did Edward jenner test his vaccination for small pox

A

1796

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2
Q

When was the first census in Britain

A

1801

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3
Q

When was the first cholera epidemic in Britain

A

1831-32

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4
Q

When was the first public health act

A

1848

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5
Q

Who and when was the first use of antiseptic in surgery

A

In 1867, lister is the first to use antiseptic in surgery

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6
Q

When was the 2nd public health act

A

1875

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7
Q

Was the germ theory conducted (time period)

A

1860-1864

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8
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur

A

French microbiologist/chemist who argued that micro-organisms were responsible for disease

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9
Q

What is the germ theory

A

Many diseases are caused by the presence and actions of specific microorganisms within the body

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10
Q

Why was the germ theory discovery made

A

The beer industry had asked Pasteur why their beer was going sour

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11
Q

How was germ theory proven

A

Using swan necked flasks to trap different air from various places to see how bacteria and microbes grew, compared it to air from alps (purest and cleanest air) to compare to dirtier air.
Also used liquids such as beer, wine and milk to test his experiments.

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12
Q

Who was Robert Koch and what did he do/discover

A

A German microbiologist, he invented a way to stain bacteria so it was easier to see them under a microscope. This allowed him to identity which bacteria/microorganisms caused disease he and compared good and bad Bacteria.

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13
Q

Which diseases was Robert Koch able to identify with his discovery

A

Septicaemia- 1878
TB- 1882
cholera-1883

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14
Q

How did Robert Koch prove his point

A

By looking at bacteria growing in different conditions, he was able to use a dye that highlighted the bad backer from the good bacteria. As a result his work was more easily proven as people could physically see the colours and microorganisms

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15
Q

Who was paul ehrlich and what did he do/discover

A

A German physician who initially worked for Koch and used staining techniques to study blood cells and then worked on immunity, developing an anti-diphtheria serum

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16
Q

What did Paul ehrlichs work on chemotherapy lead him to

A

Led him to the idea of magic bullets, that would target specific organisms in the body. He developed Salvarsan as a treatment for syphillis.

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17
Q

What did most medicines contain in 19th century

A

Alcohol and opium

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18
Q

What is brain salt an example of

A

An ailment that promised to cure multiple things (sea sickness, head aches, sleeplessness and indigestion) for those who couldn’t afford a doctor

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19
Q

What book was published in 1961

A

Mrs Beetons, “the book of household management”

Eg- recommends every household should have opium powders, laudanum to treat small ailments

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20
Q

What did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson do?

A

In 1865 she became the first woman to have an official medical profession and training.
Set up her own practice, included access for poor

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21
Q

What did Sophia Jex- Blake do?

A

3rd female doctor in country, opened own surgery in Edinburgh in 1878

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22
Q

What did Florence nightingale do?

A

Wrote book called notes on nursing
Set up Britains first nurse training school in Britain at St Thomas hospital.
In the Crimean war- cleaned up hospital wards, drastically cut mortality rates from 40% to 2%

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23
Q

What is aseptic , anaesthetic and antiseptic technique

A

Aseptic- using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens- surgically clean or sterile
Anaesthetic-pain relief- numbing and unconsciousness
Antiseptic- infection, preventing it by cleaning open wounds- kills backfires inside living organisms

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24
Q

Blood loss In early 19th century and late 19th century

A

Early- lots of blood lost, bucket to catch ur and sawdust to absorb it.
Late- blood transfusions, some died but some lived, later developed the idea to match different blood types

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25
Q

How has aseptic/cleanliness improved by late 19th century

A

Rubber gloves introduced

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26
Q

How has anaesthetic (pain relief) improved over time?

A

Pre 19th century- none, alcohol, beating them up before hand and men holding them down
1830s- nitrous oxide
Late 19th century- chloroform- try riskier operations and more time

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27
Q

When was penicillin invented

A

1928

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28
Q

Who was Humphrey Davy and what did he do

A

Invented miner safety lamp and nitrous oxide- antiseptic

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29
Q

Who was James Simpson

A

A Scottish scientist who was famous for his work with anaesthetics during his operations, he discovered that chloroform was effective, after trying it out on himself and his friends

30
Q

Who was Joseph lister

A

An English surgeon who pioneered antiseptic surgery using carbolic acid sprayed over the patient to keep infection at bay

31
Q

When was the machine that sprayed carbolic acid invented

A

1871

32
Q

How was surgical clothing introduced to surgery

A

William halsted in America started his team wearing surgical gloves because one of his nurses developed an allergic reaction to the carbolic spray

33
Q

Who was the first British surgeon to wear gloves in an operation

A

Berkeley Moyniham in Leeds

34
Q

Impact of British surgeon Berkeley moyniham

A

Always changed his clothes for surgical gowns before entering operating theatre

35
Q

Why was public health limited before 1840

A 
Industrialisation 
Living conditions 
Over crowding 
Lack of knowledge 
Government didn't get involved 
Religious beliefs
36
Q

Where did cholera originate from

A

Bengal, slowly spread through trade routes

37
Q

When were the cholera outbreaks

A

1832

1848/9

38
Q

What caused the cholera outbreaks

A

Dirty water, no sewage systems- germs in drinking water

39
Q

What was believed to have cause the cholera outbreaks

A

Miasma, had air/smells

40
Q

Who were less likely to be victims to cholera

A

Men who drank beer rather than water hadn’t been victims

41
Q

How many people died from the first cholera outbreak

A

1831-1832 = 50,000 people

42
Q

How many people died from 2nd cholera outbreaks

A

1848-60,00 people

43
Q

How many people died from the 1854 cholera outbreak

A

1854- 20,000

44
Q

Where was the first cholera outbreak

A

East London

45
Q

What did john snow do

A

In 1854 over 700 people died in his locality. Snow carefully mapped the location of each death and discovered that they all collected water from broad street pump. He removed the pump and forced people to drink from somewhere else. Immediately the disease abated from broad street. It was later discovered that a chess pit less than a metre away from the pump was leaking dirty water into the supply

46
Q

What did Edwin Chadwick do in 1847

A

Linked poor living conditions with disease and life expectancy, he argued for an urgent need to improve living conditions. Set up clean party in 1844 and pushed government into starting action on improving conditions in towns

47
Q

What did the first public health act do

A

Created central board of health
, but had limited powers- lack of government and financial support, and no money.
It allowed councils to improve conditions of towns if they wished to

48
Q

What did the second public health act do

A

Was compulsory= more power, local councils were forced to provide clean water, appoint medical offices of health and sanitary inspectors.
It’s known as the great clean up and the act covered sewage- cover sewers, drains, water, housing and disease, looking after slaughter houses to prevent contamination

49
Q

Name to other disease that were around at the time

A

Typhus& small pox

50
Q

What disease spread in Lincoln in 1905

A

Typhoid epidemic of 1950

51
Q

What were residents told to do in Lincoln and what does this tell us about Lincoln and public health

A

Boil drinking water to kill any germs that could be carrying typhoid fever, Lincoln cooperation took over waterworks has scientific knowledge to know that boiling would kill disease

52
Q

What caused typhoid outbreak in 1905

A

Dirty infected water in surgery witham, animals such as pigs and dogs in the streets and overflowing privies

53
Q

How did council try to control outbreak

A

Railway companies were brining water by train from nearby Newark and watering carts were delivering it round the city & council ordered a clean up of the town

54
Q

When was the Black Death

A

1347

55
Q

When was the great plague

A

1665

56
Q

Who was Edward Jenner

A

Country doctor in Gloucestershire who saw that milkmaids who caught cowpox, never caught small pox. He thought that having cow pox gave them immunity to small pox.
He experimented on boy James Phillips and injected him with pus from a milk maid who had cow pox, and then gave him a dose of small pox and he was immune.

57
Q

When was Edward Jenner awarded money for his work

A

1802 the government awarded him with 10,000 and a further 20,00 in 1807 when the royal collage of physicians confirmed how effective vaccination was

58
Q

When was vaccination made compulsory

A

1853

59
Q

When did the world health organisation declare small pox eradicated

A

1980

60
Q

What queen died of smallpox and when

A

Queen Mary in 1694

61
Q

Where did the first cholera outbreak occur in Britain

A

Sunderland

62
Q

What was the population of Britain in 1801

A

16 million

63
Q

What was the population of Britain in 1901

A

38 million

64
Q

What is small pox

A

A contagious disease caused by variola virus

65
Q

What 2 french words best some up government attitudes in 19th century

A

Laissez Faire

66
Q

What practice/idea did Lady Mary Montagu bring back from a holiday in Istanbul in 1792

A

Innoculation

67
Q

When did Louis Pasteur publish his theory

A

1861

68
Q

In what year was the cure for small pox found

A

1798

69
Q

Why did the public fear smallpox

A

It left people blind and scarred

70
Q

When was carbolic acid first used

A

1865 by Lister

history revision (10 decks)

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