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Biology141 > mini-quiz F > Flashcards

mini-quiz F Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary uses of energy in living organisms?

A
  • Movement
  • Communication
  • Biosynthesis: monomers → polymers

These processes are essential for maintaining life and supporting growth and development.

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2
Q

What is the primary source of energy for cellular processes?

A

ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is often referred to as the energy currency of the cell.

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3
Q

How do plants generate energy?

A

By transforming light energy into chemical energy

This process is known as photosynthesis.

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4
Q

What happens when fats are metabolized?

A

Fats → Fatty acids + Glycerol + O2 + Heat + Energy → ATP

This process involves the breakdown of lipids to release energy.

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5
Q

What is the metabolic process for carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates → Monosaccharides + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy → ATP

This process highlights the conversion of carbohydrates into usable energy.

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6
Q

What is the metabolic process for proteins?

A

Proteins → Amino Acids + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy → ATP

This shows how proteins are broken down to release energy.

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7
Q

What is the chemical equation for glucose metabolism?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

This equation represents cellular respiration, a vital process for energy production.

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8
Q

If energy transformation was 100% efficient, how much ATP could be generated from glucose?

A

92 ATP

This is a theoretical maximum, indicating the potential energy yield from glucose.

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9
Q

What is the actual maximum amount of ATP generated from one glucose molecule?

A

32 ATP

This reflects the real-world efficiency of cellular respiration.

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10
Q

True or False: Water and carbon dioxide are byproducts of glucose metabolism.

A

True

These byproducts are released during cellular respiration.

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11
Q

What is the primary difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

A

Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the absence of oxygen or when oxygen is not being used.

Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen for the complete degradation of organic molecules.

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12
Q

What are electron carriers?

A

Molecules that can carry and transfer high-energy electrons.

These include reducing agents that facilitate redox reactions.

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13
Q

What happens in a redox reaction?

A

One compound is oxidized (loses electrons) while another compound is reduced (gains electrons).

A is oxidized, losing electrons; B is reduced, gaining electrons.

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14
Q

Define oxidation.

A

The process of losing electrons.

Oxidation is a key component of redox reactions.

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15
Q

Define reduction.

A

The process of gaining electrons.

Reduction is coupled with oxidation in redox reactions.

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16
Q

What are the reduced and oxidized forms of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)?

A

Oxidized form: NAD+; Reduced form: NADH.

NAD+ accepts electrons to become NADH.

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17
Q

What are the reduced and oxidized forms of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)?

A

Oxidized form: FAD; Reduced form: FADH2.

FAD is reduced by accepting electrons to form FADH2.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: In a redox reaction, compound A is ________ and compound B is ________.

A

oxidized; reduced

This illustrates the fundamental concept of electron transfer in redox processes.

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19
Q

True or False: In redox reactions, both oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.

A

True.

This simultaneous occurrence is what makes redox reactions essential for energy transfer.

20
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

Glycolysis is the first step in glucose metabolism.

21
Q

What is the primary process of glycolysis?

A

Splitting a molecule of glucose into two 3C molecules (pyruvate)

This process is also referred to as ‘sugar splitting’.

22
Q

What is the energy investment per glucose in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP used initially

These ATP are used to phosphorylate glucose.

23
Q

What is the total energy payoff per glucose in glycolysis?

A

4 ATP made immediately, 2 NADH

The net production after accounting for the initial investment is 2 ATP.

24
Q

What is the net production of glycolysis per glucose?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

This reflects the products generated after glycolysis.

25
Q

True or False: The Citric Acid Cycle produces waste products such as CO2 and water.

A

True

These are byproducts of cellular respiration.

26
Q

Fill in the blank: Glycolysis can be referred to as _______.

A

“sugar splitting”

27
Q

What is the key electron carrier produced during glycolysis?

A

NADH

NADH is generated during the oxidation of glucose.

28
Q

What is the primary function of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Complete oxidation of two 3C pyruvate molecules

This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

29
Q

What are the two membranes of the mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane, Inner membrane

The intermembrane space is located between these two membranes.

30
Q

What is produced when pyruvate is converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A?

A

CO2

This conversion releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

31
Q

What does Coenzyme A carry?

A

2C Acetyl molecule

Acetyl CoA is essential for entering the Citric Acid Cycle.

32
Q

What are the key features of the Citric Acid Cycle regarding Acetyl CoA?

A

2C enter the cycle per glucose

Each glucose molecule yields two Acetyl CoA molecules.

33
Q

How many CO2 are produced per Acetyl CoA?

A

2 CO2

This means 4 CO2 are produced per glucose molecule during the cycle.

34
Q

What is the total production of NADH and FADH2 per glucose in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2

This reflects the energy carriers generated during the cycle.

35
Q

Fill in the blank: In the Citric Acid Cycle, Acetyl CoA is converted to _______.

A

CO2

This conversion is part of the energy extraction process.

36
Q

True or False: The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

False

The Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.

37
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of molecules that receive pairs of electrons from NADH and FADH2, transferring electrons to O2 and transforming energy to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

It is essential for aerobic respiration and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

38
Q

How many big protein complexes are involved in the electron transport chain?

A

Four big protein complexes.

These complexes facilitate the transfer of electrons and the pumping of protons.

39
Q

What is the function of Complex I in the electron transport chain?

A

Receives electrons from NADH.

Complex I is also known as NADH dehydrogenase.

40
Q

What is the function of Complex II in the electron transport chain?

A

Receives electrons from FADH2.

Complex II is also known as succinate dehydrogenase.

41
Q

What process is referred to as chemiosmosis?

A

Using a concentration gradient to generate usable energy.

This process occurs as protons flow back across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase.

42
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?

A

Synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from the proton gradient.

ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

43
Q

Fill in the blank: The electron transport chain transfers electrons to _______.

A

O2

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

44
Q

True or False: The electron transport chain is located in the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

False.

The electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

45
Q

What is the significance of pumping electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Creates an electron gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

This gradient is essential for the process of chemiosmosis.

46
Q

What is the role of Oxygen in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

It acts as the Final Electron Acceptor

Biology141 (9 decks)

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