mini quiz D Flashcards
What are the 4 classes of lipids?
Fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, and steroids
2 main components of a phospholipid
Polar head group and nonpolar tails
Saturated fatty acids: tightly or loosely packed?
Tightly packed (due to no double bonds on carbon chain)
Unsaturated fatty acids: tightly of loosely packed?
Loosely packed (double carbon bonds make tightly packing almost impossible)
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
A chain of phospholipids that have their nonpolar tails facing inwards and their polar head groups facing outwards.
What kind of structure do steroids have?
A 4-ringed structure
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed (it can only change forms)
2nd law of thermodynamics
Energy transformations are not 100% efficient (some energy will be “lost” in our small isolated system)
Substrate
Molecule A ->
Product
-> Molecule B
Exergonic (exothermic) reactions
Energy is released in the reaction (usually as heat hence exothermic)
Endergonic (endothermic) reactions
Energy is gained during the reaction (hence endothermic)
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up the reaction time between substrates and products
Active site
Location of chemical reaction
True or false: enzymes are larger than the substrates and products in a reaction
True
True or false: all chemical bonds do not contain energy (they just exist)
False
Allosteric sites def
Other sites on an enzyme where activators and inhibitors can bind
What is feedback inhibition
A cellular process that regulates the amount of product in a cell by inhibiting the enzyme that produces it.
Little baby in sperm (Antoine van Leeuwenhoek)
Homunculus
Cellulae (in Latin)
Dorm cells
3 components of cell theory
- All organisms are composed of cells
- Cells are the smallest living entities
- Cells are the fundamental units of life
True or false: prokaryotes have a nucleus
False
True or false: eukaryotes have a nucleus
True
Why are cells so small?
Cells are so small because their smaller size allows them to pack more tightly together, enhancing and increasing surface area. This increase in surface area in turn allows for faster/better input and output of materials.
5 Different Cell Shapes
- Squamous
- Columnar
- Cuboidal
- Cylindrical
- Spherical
Squamous cell shape
Flat (increases protection and diffusion)
Columnar cell shape
Rectangular columns (improves controlled transport)
Cuboidal cell shape
Cube (helps with secretion)
Cylindrical cell shape
Round columns (useful for construction)
Spherical cell shape
Sphere (useful for storage)
True or false: these are the accurate percentages of molecular components
1. Water (80%)
2. Protein (10%)
3. Lipid (8%)
4. Carbohydrates (1%)
5. Nucleic acids (1%)
False. Proteins comprise 15% of molecular components and lipids comprise 3% of molecular components.
Eukaryotic cellular membranes are comprised of what 3 components?
Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Transmembrane/Integral Proteins do what in phospholipid membranes?
Pass all the way through the membrane (single-pass or multi-pass)
Peripheral proteins do what in phospholipid membranes?
They do not pass all the way through the phospholipid layer.
3 types of passive movement
Simple diffusion, channel-mediated diffusion, and carrier-mediated diffusion
Osmosis
Water moves from [high] -> [low]
Solution
Homogenous mixture of two or more substances
Solute
One of the substances that is dissolved in the other, SOLVENT
Semi-permeable membrane
Solvent can pass through but not the solutes
Isosmotic (Isotonic)
Concentration of water and solutes is same in both sides.
Hyposmotic (hypotonic)
Side on which the solute concentration is lower
Hyperosmotic (hypertonic)
Side on which the solute concentration is higher
