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Nutrition Exam 3 > Minerals & Calcium > Flashcards

Minerals & Calcium Flashcards

1
Q

4 main functions of minerals

A

1) Structural: component of teeth, bones
2) Cofactors for enzymes
3) Constituents of essential components in the body (Fe in HB, I in Thyroxine, Co in Vit. B12, S in methionine and biotin, Mo in Xantine oxidase)
4) Constituents of body fluids like blood, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid.

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2
Q

Minerals help maintain

A

osmotic pressure
normal blood ph
involved in transmission of nerve impulses

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3
Q

all animals are subject to mineral deficiencies that may be caused by these 4 causes:

A

1) sub-optimal amount in feed
2) imbalance of another mineral which decreases absorption
3) any condition which increases rate of passage through the gut or body scours
4) a metabolic antagonist which causes the animal to require more dietary mineral to overcome antagonism

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4
Q

Mineral excretion routes:

A 
some almost entirely in feces
some in urine
some both routes
some in sweat (Na+)
Fe++ may be lost due to blood loss
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5
Q

a process that will bind a mineral to varying degrees. Generally has the effect of sequestering or isolating the mineral from interactions with other compounds

A

Chelation

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6
Q

Nutritional significance of chelators

A

may bind trace elements in diet and then release them at site where needed - prevents other interactions during digestion

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7
Q

how minerals are significant in terms of medical functions

A

remove certain isotopes or poisons from the body -> binds them, then the complex is excreted

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8
Q

Examples of natural and synthetic chelators

A

natural: Hemoglobin - Fe; Vit. B12-Co
synthetic: EDTA

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9
Q

Quantitatively, these are the 2 more important minerals

A

Calcium and Phosphorous

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10
Q

Ca and P compose over what % of body minerals

A

70%

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11
Q

Adequate Ca and P nutrition depends on what 3 factors

A

1) Sufficient supply of Ca and P
2) A Suitable ratio between the two 1:1 - 2:1
3) the presence of vit. D (more D = higher utilization)

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12
Q

99 % Ca and 80 % P are in ____ and ______

A

bones and teeth = major structural component

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13
Q

ratio of Ca:P in bone

A

2:1

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14
Q

___ is necessary for blood clotting mechanism, along with vit. D and K

A

Ca

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15
Q

___ is involved in neuromuscular activity, interacts with other minerals to control and regulate muscle and nerve reactions

A

Ca++

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16
Q

Calcium enzyme activator

A

pancreatic lipase, succinic dehydrogenase, ATPase

17
Q

Ca osmoregulation

A

helps regulate osmotic pressure of cellular fluids in body

18
Q

helps maintain acid-base equilibrium of body fluids

A

Ca

19
Q

Ca absorption occurs

A

primarily in proximal portion gut

20
Q

Factors conductive to Ca++ absorption

A

1) acid condition helps keep Ca in solution
2) adequate vit. D (involved in active transport of Ca and/or increase mucosal cell permeability to Ca)
3) low levels of phytic acid b/c of high levels decrease absorption
4) low oxalic acid (reduced absorption if present in high amts)
5) low P levels if have excess of either Ca or P, it decreases absorption of the other
6) estrogen’s increase absorption and storage
7) increase absorption with decrease age

21
Q

Excretion method of calcium

A

feces- route for undigested and unabsorbed Ca and P

22
Q

amount of blood Ca++

A

9-12 mg/100 ml

blood Ca++ not readily influenced by dietary intake

23
Q

5 consequences of calcium deficiency

A

1) reduced growth, especially bone
2) hyper-irritability and tetany
3) poor reproductive performance
4) rickets
5) osteomalacia

24
Q

when growing bones do not calcify properly hence bones tend to bend under weight of animal

A

rickets

25
Q

occurs in adult bone; involves softening of the bone due to a decrease in mineral content - over time may lead to weakness, deformity, spontaneous fractures

A

osteomalacia

26
Q

what animals are the most likely to be deficient in Ca++ due to their very rapid growth rate and their diets

A

swine and poultry

grains and concentrates are lowing in Ca+ than roughage

27
Q

*** “neutral pH (6.8-7.0) similar to the distal duodenum rather than acid conditions (pH 5.0-5.8) in the proximal duodenum” what effect will this have on the absorption of calcium?

A

decrease

28
Q

***What affect will having adequate Vit. D as opposed to the omission of this vitamin from the supplement have on the absorption of calcium?

A

increase

29
Q

***having low levels of phytic acid by changing the source of ingredients used will ____ absorption of Ca

A

increase

30
Q

***eating more brassicas ( cabbage, broccoli, etc) and increasing oxalic acid intake will ______ absorption of Ca

A

decrease

31
Q

***Lowing the P content of the diet will _____ absorption of Ca

A

increase

32
Q

***estrogen administration to an older animal or person will _____ the absorption of Ca

A

increase

33
Q

***aging will __ the absorption of Ca

A

decrease

Nutrition Exam 3 (6 decks)

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