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Earth Science > Minerals and Rocks > Flashcards

Minerals and Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

Building blocks of rocks

A

Minerals

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2
Q

Type of rock that formed from the cooling and solidification of lava and magma

A

Igneous Rock

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3
Q

type of igneous rock that forms when magma remains inside the Earth’s crust where it cools and solidifies in chambers within pre-existing rock. The magma cools very slowly over many thousands or millions of years until is solidifies.
- forms large crystals

A

Intrusive/Plutonic Igneous Rock

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4
Q

Type of igneous rock that is produced when magma exits and cools as lava at or near the Earth’s surface. Exposed to the relatively cool temperatures of the atmosphere, the lava cools quickly meaning that mineral crystals don’t have much time to grow.
- may be vesicular (contains air bubbles)

A

Extrusive/Volcanic Igneous Rock

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5
Q

Type of rock that is formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments

A

Sedimentary rock

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6
Q

group of sedimentary rocks most people think of when they think of sedimentary rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks. Pieces of rock are loosened by weathering, then transported to some basin or depression where sediment is trapped.
-classified by size

A

Clastic sedimentary rocks

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7
Q

This sedimentary rocks are composed of crystals having formed from a chemical reaction in a solution or from evaporation.

A

Crystalline Sedimentary Rocks

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8
Q

Two types of crystalline sedimentary rocks

A

evaporites and precipitates

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9
Q

layered crystalline sedimentary rocks that form from brines generated in areas where the amount of water lost by evaporation exceeds the total amount of water from rainfall and influx via rivers and streams.

A

evaporites

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10
Q

This sedimentary rocks are those such as halite and gypsum, and some limestones, which form direct precipitation (crystallization) of the dissolved ions in the water

A

precipitates

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11
Q

This sedimentary rocks are those containing large quantities of organic molecules. Organic molecules contain carbon, but in this context we are referring specifically to molecules with carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as materials from the soft tissues of plants and animals.
- biological matter

A

Organic sedimentary rocks

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12
Q

Type of rocks that are changed as a result of exposure to intense heat and/or pressure

A

Metamorphic Rocks

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13
Q

This metamorphism occurs due to heating, with or without burial, of rocks that lie close to a magma intrusion.

A

Contact metamorphism

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14
Q

metamorphism that occurs over broad areas of the crust
- due to pressure

A

regional metamorphism

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15
Q

5 Criteria of minerals

A
  • solid under normal conditions
  • naturally occuring
  • inorganic
  • fixed chemical formula
  • atoms must be orderly structured (definite, crystalline)
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16
Q

All properties of Matter are due to the _________ and ____________

A

composition. internal arrangement of atoms

17
Q

One of the most obvious properties of a mineral. Should be considered when identifying a mineral, but should never be used as the major identifying characteristic.
- not reliable

A

Color

18
Q

The ability of a mineral to resist being scratched

A

hardness

19
Q

Who designed the hardness scale

A

Friedrich Mohs

20
Q

How a mineral reflects light. The terms metallic and nonmetallic describe the basic types.

A

Luster

21
Q

A luster that looks like a polished metal

A

metallic luster

22
Q

A luster having the look of metal that is dulled by weathering

A

Submetallic Luster

23
Q

the type of luster for minerals that do not look metallic.

A

nonmetallic luster

24
Q

(nonmetallic luster) this possess a superlative luster, which is most notably seen in diamond. Such minerals are transparent or translucent, and have a high refractive index

A

adamantine luster

25
Q

(nonmetallic luster) describing yellow, dark orange, or brown minerals with slightly high refractive indices – honey like, but not necessarily the same color.

A

resinous luster

26
Q

Describes a luster similar to the inside of a mollusk shell or shirt button. (pearls)

A

pearly luster

27
Q

(nonmetallic luster) resembles fat or grease. It often occurs in minerals containing a great abundance of microscopic inclusions, with examples including opal and cordierite, jadeite. These minerals also feel greasy to the touch.

A

greasy luster

28
Q

(nonmetallic) also known as ‘earthy’ and is used to describe minerals that have poor reflectivity. The surface of minerals is coarse and porous.

A

dull/earthy luster

29
Q

(nonmetallic luster) have a parallel arrangement of extremely fine fibres, giving them a lustre reminiscent of silk.
(basta yung may lines)

A

silky luster

30
Q

(nonmetallic luster)This type of lustre is one of the most commonly seen, and occurs in transparent or translucent minerals with relatively low refractive indices (white to gray)

A

vitreous luster

31
Q

Two types of breakage

A

Fracture and cleavage

32
Q

(breakage) The tendency of a mineral to break along flat planar surfaces as determined by the structure of its crystal lattice (regular pattern)

A

cleavage

33
Q

(breakage) When a mineral breaks irregularly

A

fracture

34
Q

the color of the powdered mineral, which is usually more useful for identification than the color of the whole mineral sample.
- using black or white plate to identify
- can be colored/none/white

A

streak

35
Q

What is the density of most minerals?

A

Greater than 1 (has the ability to sink in water)

36
Q

What do you call an almost mineral (lacks one of the criteria)

A

Mineraloids

37
Q

(Mineral Classification based on chemical composition)
- 90% of the earth’s mineral
- presence of oxygen and silicon

A

Silicates

38
Q

(Mineral Classification based on chemical composition)
minerals that do not include the silicon-oxygen units characteristic of silicates

A

Non-silicates (Oxides, Carbonates, Sulfides, Sulfates, Holides, Native Elements)

39
Q

How are minerals formed?

A
  • Cooling of Magma (Magmatic Crystallization)
  • Secondary Processes (weathering, etc.
  • metamorphism

Earth Science (6 decks)

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