minerals

Question 1

elements in periodic table from most to least abundant

Answer 1

k, ca, na, mg, zn, fe, cu, sr (stronium) , se (selenium)

Question 2

magnesium uses

Answer 2

1. co-factor

2. enzyme complex

Question 3

cobalt use

Answer 3

cobalamin (vitamin b12)

Question 4

molybdenum uses

Answer 4

molybdopterin cofactor
sulfite/xanthine/aldehyde oxidase
mARC

Question 5

manganese overload names, cause, what is it

manganese enzymes

Answer 5

manganism is a form of parkinsonism
hypermanganesemia caused by znT10 transporter mutation
pyruvate carboxylase/glutamine synthase

Question 6

daily values + amount in body of fe cu zn

Answer 6

daily value of fe: 18mg 
daily value of cu: 2mg
daily value of zn: 15mg
amount of fe: 3.7g
amount of cu: 100mg
amount of  zn: 2.3g

Question 7

hormone that controls iron metabolism
name of iron transporter
level of iron overload

Answer 7

hepcidin
ferritin
60g

Question 8

distribution of iron

Answer 8

iron is carried in plasma by TRANSFERRIN
iron is stored in muscle as MYOGLOBIN; or in bone marrow-> RBC; or in liver
iron is lost in sloughed mucosal cells/menstruation

Question 9

example of heme proteins, non-heme proteins and iron-sulfur proteins

Answer 9

heme: hemoglobin/ myoglobin
non-heme: transferrin/ ferritin
iron-sulfur: succinate dehydrogenase

Question 10

iron uptake and storage by intestinal cells

Answer 10

fe3+ reduced to fe2+ by DUODENAL CYTOCHROME B -> uptake via DIVALENT METAL TRANSPORTER 1-> storage in FERRITIN; or export out of cell via FERROPORTIN-> oxidised to fe3+ by HEPHAESTIN-> binds to transferrin

Question 11

how is iron taken up from plasma

Answer 11

iron-transferrin binds to receptor-> endocytosis-> H+ pumps pump in H+ -> iron released from transferrin-> iron released into cytoplasm by DIVALENT METAL TRANSPORTER 1-> receptor and transferrin recycled

Question 12

examples of primary iron overload and treatment

Answer 12

hemochromatosis type 1/2/3/4 (treated by phlebotomy)

hemosiderosis

Question 13

examples of treatment for secondary iron overload; how does it work

Answer 13

chelating agents eg deferoxamine

iron binds in the middle

Question 14

zinc functions; proteins with zinc

Answer 14

brain function /immune response /metabolism /protection against environmental toxins
CA/ alcohol dehydrogenase/ proteases

Question 15

name of zinc importer and exporter proteins

Answer 15

import: ZIP
export: ZNT

Question 16

symptoms of zinc deficiency

Answer 16

suppressed immunity 
slow growth 
hair loss 
poor wound healing 
neuropathy 
loss of appetite

Question 17

examples of genetic zinc deficiency, symptoms/cause/cure

Answer 17

acrodermatitis enteropathica: skin lesions; mutation in ZIP; curable with zn
transient neonatal: mutation in ZNT; curable with zn

Question 18

examples of copper proteins and uses

Answer 18

ceruloplasmin (protein in ferroxidase)
superoxide dismutase (o2 + H -> h2o2 + o2)
cytochrome c oxidase (terminal e- acceptor for o2)

Question 19

cu uptake

Answer 19

cu2+ => cu+ by REDUCTASE
cu+ enters by Cu transporter 1
brought by chaperones to organelles + mitochondria

Question 20

examples of genetic cu diseases, symptoms/treatment/causes

Answer 20

wilson’s disease due to copper accumulation; mental deterioration/accumulation in liver/kayser-fleischer rings; chelation therapy with D-penicillamine/zn treatment
menkes disease due to defective copper absorption; hair depigmentation/CNS deterioration; no cure