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Geology 102 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms bond in two main ways, what are they?

A

ionic bonding and covalent bonding

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2
Q

what are isotopes?

A

same element, but different quantity of electrons, like C12 and C14, one is used for carbon dating

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3
Q

Minerals form when _______ bond together. There are about 4000 minerals. Most are a combination of _____ or more elements

A

elements
two

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4
Q

What is the definition of minerals?

A

naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solids that have a definite chemical composition. Minerals have characteristic physical properties

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5
Q

Define what naturally occurring means

A

If the mineral is manufactured like glass or quarts it does not count, can’t be made by us

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6
Q

Define what inorganic means

A

Indicating that a mineral is not made from living or fossilized organic material.

Shells are usually considered organic

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7
Q

Define what crystalline solid means?

A

The structure of the mineral, stays the same structure when broken – like cubes or triangles

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8
Q

What is the difference between crystal and crystalline?

A

Crystal is a solid material with a natural geometrically regular form and symmetrically arranged flat faces. Crystals are molecules arranged in a pattern that is repetitive in 3-D. Crystalline refers to describing a material that is composed of a bunch of crystals.

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9
Q

What is the difference between mineral vs mineraloid?

A

Minerals are inorganic crystalline solids with a characteristic chemical composition. Mineraloids are mineral-like substances that do not demonstrate crystallinity

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10
Q

define definite chemical composition

A

The mineral is composed of its typical elements in the specific arrangment

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11
Q

Polished surface vs crystal facet

A

Polished surface – The rock has been cut and then a polish goes over the cut edge

Crystal facet – the rock is naturally smooth and clear

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12
Q

What are the two ways minerals form? explain them

A

Formed by geological processes like solidification of magma

This forms minerals, if it cools slowly then the crystals have a change to form and grow.

Obsidian is a volcanic glass, this one cooled quickly and it not a mineral. Often used for weapons

Granite – mineral grains compacted together – crystals are large because magma cooled under the ground in a magma chamber

Using the colling of magma we can hypothesis where the rock came from

Precipitation out of water supersaturated with dissolved ions

Is there is water around a magma chamber the water picks up minerals and ions, but when the water cools the minerals will precipitate out.

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13
Q

What are the characteristic physical properties of minerals?

A

Hardness, luster
diaphaneity, color, streak, feel, taste, magnetic properties, specific gravity, chemical reactions, fluorescence, scent, iridescence, opalescence, crystal form, cleavage, fracture, crystal habit, acicular, botryoidal, euhedral crystals, prismatic

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14
Q

__________ is the relative measure of a minerals resistance to scratching

A

hardness

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15
Q

______ scale of hardness is used to determine hardness. ______ numbers on the scale can scratch ______ numbers.

A

Mohs
higher
lower

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16
Q

_____ is how light reflects off the surface of a mineral

A

Luster

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17
Q

_______ is a minerals ability to transmit light

A

Diaphaneity

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of diapheniety

A

transparent: transmit light freely

Translucent: transmit light but it is hard to see through the mineral

Opaque: do not transmit light and appear solid

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19
Q

__________ can be misleading because there are several minerals that share the same ________, also impurities and transition metals contained in the mineral can change minerals _________.

same word for all 3

A

colour

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20
Q

If colour is changed from tarnish(oxygen and water changing the surface of the mineral), which test should we use?

A

texture or streak test

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21
Q

_________ is the mark mineral makes on a porcelain tile when u scratch the mineral on the tile.

A

Streak

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22
Q

_______ is fake gold, when you streak it, it is _______

A

pyrite
black

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23
Q

Ways a mineral can feel like

A

greasy or soapy

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24
Q

Way a mineral can taste like

A

salty

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25
______ _________ is refering to the weight of the mineral
Specific gravity
26
specific gravity is relative to the weight of an equal volume of ________
water
27
what is the equation for specific gravity?
Specific gravity = (weight of mineral) / (weight of equal volume of water)
28
Define heft
the weight of the rock of your hand
29
When adding hydrochloric acid to calcite the rock will fizz. Which characteristic physical property is this referring to?
Chemical reactions
30
__________ happens when the mineral is irritated with ultra violet light
fluorescence
31
What is this characteristic physical property: Changes in composition, interfere with light to produce different colours at different angles schiller effect e.g., the shiny shimmer of labradorite
Iridescence
32
_________ is the scattering of light
Opalescence
33
________ ______ changes based on atomic structure
Crystal form
34
_________ is The tendency of a mineral to break along the preferred plane, because the chemical bonds are weaker along that plane
cleavage
35
Minerals can break up to ___ cleavage planes
5
36
graphite, between the planes it is really weakly bonded – that is a _______ cleavage plane
strong
37
Why is diamond hard but fragile?
It has tons of cleavage planes
38
If i can see cleavage planes in a rock then it must be a cleavage rock?
False. Quartz looks to have cleavage planes, but it is not cleavage.
39
What are some features that tell us a mineral is cleavage?
planar/flat surface, surface is shiny, repeated at different levels of the mineral
40
Fracture: When struck it breaks ________. Quarts exhibits fracture, not _________
unevenly cleavage
41
______ _______ is the normal appearance, or general shape, of individual minerals or mineral aggregates that form in nature
Crystal habit
42
Define Acicular
Occurs as needle like crystals
43
Define Botryoidal
grape like rounded forms (malachite)
44
Define euhedral crystals
Occurs as well formed crystals showing good external form
45
define prismatic
Crystals shaped like slender prisms (tourmaline)
46
Minerals can be grouped and classified by they're chemistry based on whether they are a _______ or a ___________.
Silicate non-silicate
47
What are the top 8 elements found in the continental crust of the earth?
Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, and Magnesium
48
All silicate minerals contain the elements _______ and _________
oxygen and silicon
49
How are silicates bound together?
Bound together in a unit structure known as a silica tetrahedral. There are four atoms of oxygen that surround one atom of silicon.
50
What is the charges on the Si atom and the O atom of a silica tetrahedral
Si+4 O-2
51
What is the molecular formula for a silica tetrahedral?
(SiO4)-4
52
Silica tetrahedral is positively or negatively charged?
negatively
53
the silica tetrahedral can only be linked or bonded at the _______ with similar SiO4 units, this is ________ bonding. Si)4 can also bond with another _________ charged element, this is ______ bonding.
corners covalent positively ionic
54
There are 6 common silicate minerals. What are they?
Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Biotite and muscovite mica, feldspar, and quartz
55
What is the name for the way olivine arranges its structure?
isolated tetrahedral
56
What is the name for the way pyroxene arranges its structure?
Single chain
57
What is the name for the way amphibole arranges its structure?
Double chain
58
What is the name for the way mica arranges its structure?
Two-dimensional sheet
59
What is the name for the way feldspar and quartz arranges its structure?
three-dimensional framework
60
There are 7 examples of non-silicate mineral groups, what are they?
Oxides, sulfides, sulfates, native metals, halides, carbonates, phosphates
61
There are 5 examples of non-silicate minerals, what are they?
Hematite, galena, gypsum, pure minerals composed of one element, halite, calcite, apatite
62
Table salt contains
Halite
63
A bag of plaster contains
Gypsum
64
water pipe contains
Copper
65
kitchen foil contains
aluminum
66
cutlery contains
metal like magnetite
67
Plates contain
clays, silicate
68
can and tins contain
aluminum
69
in 1954 the US was fully reliant on foreign sources for ___ mineral commodities. In 2020 this number increased to ___.
8 17
70
The US experienced a ____% increase over about the past 60 years in reliance on external sources of commodities
250%
71
2020 data the U.S. imports __ to __ commodities from Canada
13 to 18
72
What is the equation that helps define the factors of human impacts on the geological environment?
I = PAT
73
What does each variable stand for in the I = PAT equation?
I - impact P - population A - consumption per person T - Impact per unit of consumption
74
small consumption X large population = _____ impact large consumption X small population = ______ impact
large large
75
The population has been increasing _______. However, lately the world population has been increasing at a ______ rate than the past.
exponentially slower
76
Define carrying capacity
the number of humans that the earth can support with a reasonable quality of life, with present technology (includes space, food, water, energy).

Geology 102 (11 decks)

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