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Geology 102 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms bond in two main ways, what are they?

A

ionic bonding and covalent bonding

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2
Q

what are isotopes?

A

same element, but different quantity of electrons, like C12 and C14, one is used for carbon dating

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3
Q

Minerals form when _______ bond together. There are about 4000 minerals. Most are a combination of _____ or more elements

A

elements
two

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4
Q

What is the definition of minerals?

A

naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solids that have a definite chemical composition. Minerals have characteristic physical properties

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5
Q

Define what naturally occurring means

A

If the mineral is manufactured like glass or quarts it does not count, can’t be made by us

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6
Q

Define what inorganic means

A

Indicating that a mineral is not made from living or fossilized organic material.

Shells are usually considered organic

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7
Q

Define what crystalline solid means?

A

The structure of the mineral, stays the same structure when broken – like cubes or triangles

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8
Q

What is the difference between crystal and crystalline?

A

Crystal is a solid material with a natural geometrically regular form and symmetrically arranged flat faces. Crystals are molecules arranged in a pattern that is repetitive in 3-D. Crystalline refers to describing a material that is composed of a bunch of crystals.

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9
Q

What is the difference between mineral vs mineraloid?

A

Minerals are inorganic crystalline solids with a characteristic chemical composition. Mineraloids are mineral-like substances that do not demonstrate crystallinity

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10
Q

define definite chemical composition

A

The mineral is composed of its typical elements in the specific arrangment

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11
Q

Polished surface vs crystal facet

A

Polished surface – The rock has been cut and then a polish goes over the cut edge

Crystal facet – the rock is naturally smooth and clear

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12
Q

What are the two ways minerals form? explain them

A

Formed by geological processes like solidification of magma

This forms minerals, if it cools slowly then the crystals have a change to form and grow.

Obsidian is a volcanic glass, this one cooled quickly and it not a mineral. Often used for weapons

Granite – mineral grains compacted together – crystals are large because magma cooled under the ground in a magma chamber

Using the colling of magma we can hypothesis where the rock came from

Precipitation out of water supersaturated with dissolved ions

Is there is water around a magma chamber the water picks up minerals and ions, but when the water cools the minerals will precipitate out.

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13
Q

What are the characteristic physical properties of minerals?

A

Hardness, luster
diaphaneity, color, streak, feel, taste, magnetic properties, specific gravity, chemical reactions, fluorescence, scent, iridescence, opalescence, crystal form, cleavage, fracture, crystal habit, acicular, botryoidal, euhedral crystals, prismatic

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14
Q

__________ is the relative measure of a minerals resistance to scratching

A

hardness

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15
Q

______ scale of hardness is used to determine hardness. ______ numbers on the scale can scratch ______ numbers.

A

Mohs
higher
lower

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16
Q

_____ is how light reflects off the surface of a mineral

A

Luster

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17
Q

_______ is a minerals ability to transmit light

A

Diaphaneity

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of diapheniety

A

transparent: transmit light freely

Translucent: transmit light but it is hard to see through the mineral

Opaque: do not transmit light and appear solid

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19
Q

__________ can be misleading because there are several minerals that share the same ________, also impurities and transition metals contained in the mineral can change minerals _________.

same word for all 3

A

colour

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20
Q

If colour is changed from tarnish(oxygen and water changing the surface of the mineral), which test should we use?

A

texture or streak test

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21
Q

_________ is the mark mineral makes on a porcelain tile when u scratch the mineral on the tile.

A

Streak

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22
Q

_______ is fake gold, when you streak it, it is _______

A

pyrite
black

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23
Q

Ways a mineral can feel like

A

greasy or soapy

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24
Q

Way a mineral can taste like

A

salty

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25
Q

______ _________ is refering to the weight of the mineral

A

Specific gravity

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26
Q

specific gravity is relative to the weight of an equal volume of ________

A

water

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27
Q

what is the equation for specific gravity?

A

Specific gravity = (weight of mineral) / (weight of equal volume of water)

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28
Q

Define heft

A

the weight of the rock of your hand

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29
Q

When adding hydrochloric acid to calcite the rock will fizz. Which characteristic physical property is this referring to?

A

Chemical reactions

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30
Q

__________ happens when the mineral is irritated with ultra violet light

A

fluorescence

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31
Q

What is this characteristic physical property:
Changes in composition,
interfere with light to
produce different colours at different angles

schiller effect e.g., the
shiny shimmer of
labradorite

A

Iridescence

32
Q

_________ is the scattering of light

A

Opalescence

33
Q

________ ______ changes based on atomic structure

A

Crystal form

34
Q

_________ is The tendency of a mineral to break along the preferred plane, because the chemical bonds are weaker along that plane

35
Q

Minerals can break up to ___ cleavage planes

36
Q

graphite, between the planes it is really weakly bonded – that is a _______ cleavage plane

37
Q

Why is diamond hard but fragile?

A

It has tons of cleavage planes

38
Q

If i can see cleavage planes in a rock then it must be a cleavage rock?

A

False. Quartz looks to have cleavage planes, but it is not cleavage.

39
Q

What are some features that tell us a mineral is cleavage?

A

planar/flat surface, surface is shiny, repeated at different levels of the mineral

40
Q

Fracture:
When struck it breaks ________. Quarts exhibits fracture, not _________

A

unevenly
cleavage

41
Q

______ _______ is the normal
appearance, or general shape, of
individual minerals or mineral
aggregates that form in nature

A

Crystal habit

42
Q

Define Acicular

A

Occurs as needle like crystals

43
Q

Define Botryoidal

A

grape like rounded forms (malachite)

44
Q

Define euhedral crystals

A

Occurs as well formed crystals showing good external form

45
Q

define prismatic

A

Crystals shaped like slender prisms (tourmaline)

46
Q

Minerals can be grouped and classified by they’re chemistry based on whether they are a _______ or a ___________.

A

Silicate
non-silicate

47
Q

What are the top 8 elements found in the continental crust of the earth?

A

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, and Magnesium

48
Q

All silicate minerals contain the elements _______ and _________

A

oxygen and silicon

49
Q

How are silicates bound together?

A

Bound together in a unit structure known as a silica tetrahedral. There are four atoms of oxygen that surround one atom of silicon.

50
Q

What is the charges on the Si atom and the O atom of a silica tetrahedral

51
Q

What is the molecular formula for a silica tetrahedral?

52
Q

Silica tetrahedral is positively or negatively charged?

A

negatively

53
Q

the silica tetrahedral can only be linked or bonded at the _______ with similar SiO4 units, this is ________ bonding. Si)4 can also bond with another _________ charged element, this is ______ bonding.

A

corners
covalent
positively
ionic

54
Q

There are 6 common silicate minerals. What are they?

A

Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Biotite and muscovite mica, feldspar, and quartz

55
Q

What is the name for the way olivine arranges its structure?

A

isolated tetrahedral

56
Q

What is the name for the way pyroxene arranges its structure?

A

Single chain

57
Q

What is the name for the way amphibole arranges its structure?

A

Double chain

58
Q

What is the name for the way mica arranges its structure?

A

Two-dimensional sheet

59
Q

What is the name for the way feldspar and quartz arranges its structure?

A

three-dimensional framework

60
Q

There are 7 examples of non-silicate mineral groups, what are they?

A

Oxides, sulfides, sulfates, native metals, halides, carbonates, phosphates

61
Q

There are 5 examples of non-silicate minerals, what are they?

A

Hematite, galena, gypsum, pure minerals composed of one element, halite, calcite, apatite

62
Q

Table salt contains

63
Q

A bag of plaster contains

64
Q

water pipe contains

65
Q

kitchen foil contains

66
Q

cutlery contains

A

metal like magnetite

67
Q

Plates contain

A

clays, silicate

68
Q

can and tins contain

69
Q

in 1954 the US was fully reliant on foreign sources for ___ mineral commodities. In 2020 this number increased to ___.

70
Q

The US experienced a ____% increase over about the past 60 years
in reliance on external sources of commodities

71
Q

2020 data the U.S.
imports __ to __
commodities from Canada

72
Q

What is the equation that helps define the factors of human impacts on the geological environment?

73
Q

What does each variable stand for in the I = PAT equation?

A

I - impact
P - population
A - consumption per person
T - Impact per unit of consumption

74
Q

small consumption X large population = _____ impact

large consumption X small population = ______ impact

A

large
large

75
Q

The population has been increasing _______. However, lately the world population has been increasing at a ______ rate than the past.

A

exponentially
slower

76
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

the number of humans that the earth can support with a
reasonable quality of life, with present technology
(includes space, food, water, energy).

Geology 102 (11 decks)

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