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Geology 102 > Maps - Chapter 3 - Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Maps - Chapter 3 - Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a map meant to be used for?

A

Maps are a visual communication, gives location and political boundaries from one person to another.

Use to visualize and interpret different patterns

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2
Q

Name 3 ancient tools used to create maps

A

Sextant – measure angles. Used for navigation

Compass

Maps

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3
Q

What are modern tools to create maps?

A

Satellite images

Loads of historical data from geologists, geographers

GPS systems (Global positioning system)

GIS geographical information systems. ArcView

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4
Q

What does it mean to have a mental map

A

The map that you visualize in your head.
For example your route to the classroom

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5
Q

What is wrong with map projections?

A

There are distortion – putting the spherical globe on a 2-D paper

There is no way to make the representation exact

Warps our perception of the size of continents and countries

Comparing two map projections, one is not right or wrong, it just depends what you need to use it for.

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6
Q

_____ can help ________ locate precious _______ and locate where good _______ is to help farmers

A

maps
geologists
metals
soil

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7
Q

What are the two coordinate systems?

A

Latitude and longitude
Grid

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8
Q

The __________ is a line of latitude that separates the earth into the northern and southern hemisphere

A

equator

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9
Q

The _______ of latitude divide the whole surface of the globe in 3 regions in the north and 3 regions in the south

A

angles

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10
Q

0 - 23.5 degrees N or S = _____ latitudes. The area of the globe between the Equator and the ________ ____ ________ located N of Equator (in the northern hemisphere) and the area of the globe between Equator and the ________ ___ __________ is in the southern hemisphere,

A

Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn

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11
Q

23.5 - 66.5 degrees = ____ latitudes. Between the lines of the tropics and _______ circles N and S, and

A

mid
polar

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12
Q

66.5 - 90 degrees = ______latitudes. Between the polar circles and the _____ of the earth.

A

high
poles

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13
Q

True or False: Longitude lines are parallel

A

False

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14
Q

M_________ of longitude: converge at the ______ and ______ poles

A

meridians
north
south

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15
Q

__________ lines are all the same length
pick: latitude or longitude

A

longitude

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16
Q

Longitude lines are measure from the ______ _______

A

prime meridian
or
Greenwich meridian

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17
Q

Longitude lines divide the globe into the __________ hemisphere and __________ hemisphere

A

western
eastern

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18
Q

What does UTM stand for

A

Universal Transverse Mercator

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19
Q

Does the grid method of coordinate systems have inconsistency in measurements from where you are on the earth

A

NO, the grid method is consistent across the world. The latitude and longitude are inconsistent.

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20
Q

Which method of coordinate systems is much more technically accurate

A

Grid

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21
Q

Why do we need a title for maps

A

Describe what we are going to see on the map

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22
Q

What does a legend show

A

shows what the symbols mean, coloured areas, and more features

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23
Q

Describe qualitative vs quantative map features

A

Qualitative shows that features are there

Quantative shows that features are there and quantity, degrees, or other measurement characteristics

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24
Q

Describe what bathymetry means

A

shows water depths, ie darker colours = deeper water

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25
Q

More ______ means there is a greater distance in elevation

A

Relief

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26
Q

Would Regina of the Rockies have a greater contour interval?

A

The Rockies, they have more difference in elevations

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27
Q

What does the Rule of V’s mean on a contour map?

A

The V points upstream - towards the hill

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28
Q

Gradients appear in contour maps. How would we calculate one?

A

Gradient = Slope angle = rise / run

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29
Q

What does interpolation mean

A

Using data from one map to create another map.
ex> Drawing contour lines to create a topographical map

30
Q

What does a north arrow tell us?

A

It shows which direction to look at the map

31
Q

Define what a scale does

A

map is a much smaller representation of what is truly there. Scale shows how to make the conversion between the ratio of the two.

32
Q

What are characteristics of the representative fraction

A

You can use any units, up to you

Use same units of either side, that why they cancel out

1:1000 or 1/1000

33
Q

What are the characteristics of a verbal scale

A

Describe the distance on the map verbally
units do not have to be the same on both sides.
1cm = 5km

34
Q

What are the characteristics of a line scale?

A

Basically like a ruler, but at the scale of the map. We can determine how the length correlates to the distance on the map by measuring it

If you take the map and blow it up, the line scale changes with the map. A fractional scale will not be able to do this

35
Q

If we have a map of Canada and one of the university campus, which would be large scale and which would be small scale?

A

Canada - small scale
University campus - large scale

36
Q

Why would we have vertical exagerations for cross-section maps

A

Vertical scale can be bigger than the horizontal to pronounce features and details

37
Q

Are magnetic north, true north and grid north always equivalent?

A

No

38
Q

Which of the three norths does a compass use?

A

Magnetic north

39
Q

What is the magnetosphere?

A

The magnetic field

40
Q

What is magnetic declination

A

the difference in degree between true north and magnetic north

Use latitude and longitude of the site to determine

Magnetic declinations change for where you are on the world.

41
Q

Describe how the magnetic field works

A

At the core of the earth there is a iron and nickel sphere, and the is liquid metal that surrounds it, therefore it has current. This creates electrical currents, which the creates the magnetic fields around the earth.

The magnetosphere protects use from solar radiation that is harmful and prevents the atmosphere from getting stripped off the earth due to solar flare.

We can tell when the magnetic field flips based on the iron content in cooled lava.

The earth’s magnetic field is weakening and but the rate it is changing is increasing.

42
Q

Which north is the intersection of the longitudinal lines. Also know as geographical north

A

True north

43
Q

For the UTM system, the grid north is slightly offset from the ______ _______

A

True north

44
Q

What are the elements that compose the majority of the earth

A

Magnesium, calcium, iron, nickel, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, oxygen

45
Q
A
46
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the earth

A

Lithosphere, mantle, core

47
Q

What are the sublayers of the lithosphere and what is the state

A

Crust, uppermost mantle
rigid

48
Q

What are the sublayers of the mantle and what is the state

A

upper mantle, asthenosphere, lower mantle

plastic

49
Q

What are the sublayers of the core and what is the state

A

outer core, inner core
liquid, solid

50
Q

What does the Greek word lithos mean

A

Rocky

51
Q

What are 4 ways we know what the geology inside of the earth is?

A

Composition of meteorites. They are composed of early materials that composed the planets

Plate tectonics brought rocks to the surface of the earth

Kimberlite pipe. Old volcanos that are now dormant. They had brought up pieces of the mantle

Seismic – geophysical data – used earthquake data. Difference in densities of the layers change the way the waves move (direction and velocity).
The image of the sphere shows that if an earth quake occurs it will take different amounts of time to reach different places around the world because of the different densities.

52
Q

What are 3 ways the earth has changed through time that is similar to other planets

A

wind erosion, fluid erosion, volcanism

53
Q

What are the ways earth has changed over time that is fairly unique to earth.

A

The composition of the atmosphere. There used to be only CO2 in the atmosphere until life began. We now have 21% oxygen in the atmosphere

Ocean. Through the rock pattern and fossils we can see evidence of an ocean

Life. Many different types and quantity it occupies

Internal heat.

Plate tectonics. Completely unique to earth

54
Q

What generates the internal heat of the earth

A

Radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium that are decaying and releasing heat. Generates volcanoes

This is where geothermal energy comes from. In Canada every 1 km deep = 25 degrees Celsius added.

Heat left over from earths formation

55
Q

Lithosphere is moving over the ____________

A

asthenosphere

56
Q

At the _________ of the plates there will be more activity for earthquakes and volcanoes

A

boundaries

57
Q

Can some regions along the boundaries of the plates have solely earthquakes or volcanoes?

A

Yes

58
Q

True or false: Volcanoes don’t occur right on the boundaries and where the plate tectonics are meeting. The volcanos are slightly offset from the action.

A

True

59
Q

As we move towards the center of the earth, the contents are ______ dense

A

More

60
Q

Order these from most dense to less dense: oceanic crust , continental crust, mantle

A

continental crust, oceanic crust, mantle

61
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

A

Divergent boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
transform-fault boundaries

62
Q

What does divergent boundaries do?

A

ocean plates or continental plate separation

63
Q

What does convergent boundaries do?

A

ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, continent-continent convergent

Subduction zones - one plate sinks into the mantle

64
Q

What are transform-fault boundaries

A

continental, mid-ocean ridge transform fault

Two tectonic plates slide against each-other

65
Q

Which is more dense, the continental crust or the ocean crust

A

Continental crust is less dense than the ocean crust

66
Q

Which is one of the most important geo-science revolutions?

A

Plate tectonics
This unifies why geological phenomena’s occur

67
Q

What is the difference between theory and hypothesis

A

A hypothesis is an idea you have

A theory is a hypothesis that has been tested repeatedly

68
Q

What is the scientific method of questions asked to obtain results

A
  1. Pose a question
  2. Develop a hypothesis “I think this is
    what will happen”
  3. Test the hypothesis by collecting and
    analysing data, then based on the data,
    the hypothesis can be verified or rejected.
  4. reach a conclusion, start again with a
    new hypothesis, or refine your hypothesis
    and build on what you have learned!
69
Q

What was the continental drift hypothesis missing?

A

Just taking into account the continents as tectonic plates, when the ocean should be included as well

70
Q

if it is an oceanic plate or continental plate does it change how they react with each other?

A

yes

Geology 102 (11 decks)

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