Maps - Chapter 3 - Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is a map meant to be used for?
Maps are a visual communication, gives location and political boundaries from one person to another.
Use to visualize and interpret different patterns
Name 3 ancient tools used to create maps
Sextant – measure angles. Used for navigation
Compass
Maps
What are modern tools to create maps?
Satellite images
Loads of historical data from geologists, geographers
GPS systems (Global positioning system)
GIS geographical information systems. ArcView
What does it mean to have a mental map
The map that you visualize in your head.
For example your route to the classroom
What is wrong with map projections?
There are distortion – putting the spherical globe on a 2-D paper
There is no way to make the representation exact
Warps our perception of the size of continents and countries
Comparing two map projections, one is not right or wrong, it just depends what you need to use it for.
_____ can help ________ locate precious _______ and locate where good _______ is to help farmers
maps
geologists
metals
soil
What are the two coordinate systems?
Latitude and longitude
Grid
The __________ is a line of latitude that separates the earth into the northern and southern hemisphere
equator
The _______ of latitude divide the whole surface of the globe in 3 regions in the north and 3 regions in the south
angles
0 - 23.5 degrees N or S = _____ latitudes. The area of the globe between the Equator and the ________ ____ ________ located N of Equator (in the northern hemisphere) and the area of the globe between Equator and the ________ ___ __________ is in the southern hemisphere,
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5 - 66.5 degrees = ____ latitudes. Between the lines of the tropics and _______ circles N and S, and
mid
polar
66.5 - 90 degrees = ______latitudes. Between the polar circles and the _____ of the earth.
high
poles
True or False: Longitude lines are parallel
False
M_________ of longitude: converge at the ______ and ______ poles
meridians
north
south
__________ lines are all the same length
pick: latitude or longitude
longitude
Longitude lines are measure from the ______ _______
prime meridian
or
Greenwich meridian
Longitude lines divide the globe into the __________ hemisphere and __________ hemisphere
western
eastern
What does UTM stand for
Universal Transverse Mercator
Does the grid method of coordinate systems have inconsistency in measurements from where you are on the earth
NO, the grid method is consistent across the world. The latitude and longitude are inconsistent.
Which method of coordinate systems is much more technically accurate
Grid
Why do we need a title for maps
Describe what we are going to see on the map
What does a legend show
shows what the symbols mean, coloured areas, and more features
Describe qualitative vs quantative map features
Qualitative shows that features are there
Quantative shows that features are there and quantity, degrees, or other measurement characteristics
Describe what bathymetry means
shows water depths, ie darker colours = deeper water
More ______ means there is a greater distance in elevation
Relief
Would Regina of the Rockies have a greater contour interval?
The Rockies, they have more difference in elevations
What does the Rule of V’s mean on a contour map?
The V points upstream - towards the hill
Gradients appear in contour maps. How would we calculate one?
Gradient = Slope angle = rise / run
What does interpolation mean
Using data from one map to create another map.
ex> Drawing contour lines to create a topographical map
What does a north arrow tell us?
It shows which direction to look at the map
Define what a scale does
map is a much smaller representation of what is truly there. Scale shows how to make the conversion between the ratio of the two.
What are characteristics of the representative fraction
You can use any units, up to you
Use same units of either side, that why they cancel out
1:1000 or 1/1000
What are the characteristics of a verbal scale
Describe the distance on the map verbally
units do not have to be the same on both sides.
1cm = 5km
What are the characteristics of a line scale?
Basically like a ruler, but at the scale of the map. We can determine how the length correlates to the distance on the map by measuring it
If you take the map and blow it up, the line scale changes with the map. A fractional scale will not be able to do this
If we have a map of Canada and one of the university campus, which would be large scale and which would be small scale?
Canada - small scale
University campus - large scale
Why would we have vertical exagerations for cross-section maps
Vertical scale can be bigger than the horizontal to pronounce features and details
Are magnetic north, true north and grid north always equivalent?
No
Which of the three norths does a compass use?
Magnetic north
What is the magnetosphere?
The magnetic field
What is magnetic declination
the difference in degree between true north and magnetic north
Use latitude and longitude of the site to determine
Magnetic declinations change for where you are on the world.
Describe how the magnetic field works
At the core of the earth there is a iron and nickel sphere, and the is liquid metal that surrounds it, therefore it has current. This creates electrical currents, which the creates the magnetic fields around the earth.
The magnetosphere protects use from solar radiation that is harmful and prevents the atmosphere from getting stripped off the earth due to solar flare.
We can tell when the magnetic field flips based on the iron content in cooled lava.
The earth’s magnetic field is weakening and but the rate it is changing is increasing.
Which north is the intersection of the longitudinal lines. Also know as geographical north
True north
For the UTM system, the grid north is slightly offset from the ______ _______
True north
What are the elements that compose the majority of the earth
Magnesium, calcium, iron, nickel, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, oxygen
What are the 3 main layers of the earth
Lithosphere, mantle, core
What are the sublayers of the lithosphere and what is the state
Crust, uppermost mantle
rigid
What are the sublayers of the mantle and what is the state
upper mantle, asthenosphere, lower mantle
plastic
What are the sublayers of the core and what is the state
outer core, inner core
liquid, solid
What does the Greek word lithos mean
Rocky
What are 4 ways we know what the geology inside of the earth is?
Composition of meteorites. They are composed of early materials that composed the planets
Plate tectonics brought rocks to the surface of the earth
Kimberlite pipe. Old volcanos that are now dormant. They had brought up pieces of the mantle
Seismic – geophysical data – used earthquake data. Difference in densities of the layers change the way the waves move (direction and velocity).
The image of the sphere shows that if an earth quake occurs it will take different amounts of time to reach different places around the world because of the different densities.
What are 3 ways the earth has changed through time that is similar to other planets
wind erosion, fluid erosion, volcanism
What are the ways earth has changed over time that is fairly unique to earth.
The composition of the atmosphere. There used to be only CO2 in the atmosphere until life began. We now have 21% oxygen in the atmosphere
Ocean. Through the rock pattern and fossils we can see evidence of an ocean
Life. Many different types and quantity it occupies
Internal heat.
Plate tectonics. Completely unique to earth
What generates the internal heat of the earth
Radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium that are decaying and releasing heat. Generates volcanoes
This is where geothermal energy comes from. In Canada every 1 km deep = 25 degrees Celsius added.
Heat left over from earths formation
Lithosphere is moving over the ____________
asthenosphere
At the _________ of the plates there will be more activity for earthquakes and volcanoes
boundaries
Can some regions along the boundaries of the plates have solely earthquakes or volcanoes?
Yes
True or false: Volcanoes don’t occur right on the boundaries and where the plate tectonics are meeting. The volcanos are slightly offset from the action.
True
As we move towards the center of the earth, the contents are ______ dense
More
Order these from most dense to less dense: oceanic crust , continental crust, mantle
continental crust, oceanic crust, mantle
What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?
Divergent boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
transform-fault boundaries
What does divergent boundaries do?
ocean plates or continental plate separation
What does convergent boundaries do?
ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, continent-continent convergent
Subduction zones - one plate sinks into the mantle
What are transform-fault boundaries
continental, mid-ocean ridge transform fault
Two tectonic plates slide against each-other
Which is more dense, the continental crust or the ocean crust
Continental crust is less dense than the ocean crust
Which is one of the most important geo-science revolutions?
Plate tectonics
This unifies why geological phenomena’s occur
What is the difference between theory and hypothesis
A hypothesis is an idea you have
A theory is a hypothesis that has been tested repeatedly
What is the scientific method of questions asked to obtain results
- Pose a question
- Develop a hypothesis “I think this is
what will happen” - Test the hypothesis by collecting and
analysing data, then based on the data,
the hypothesis can be verified or rejected. - reach a conclusion, start again with a
new hypothesis, or refine your hypothesis
and build on what you have learned!
What was the continental drift hypothesis missing?
Just taking into account the continents as tectonic plates, when the ocean should be included as well
if it is an oceanic plate or continental plate does it change how they react with each other?
yes
