Hydrologic Cycle

Question 1

What does flux mean

Answer 1

rate of flow, movement between reservoirs

Question 2

Is the flux in and out of the ocean balanced

Answer 2

yeas, almost

Question 3

What is orographic precipitation

Answer 3

occurs when moist air is forced to ascend over a mountain range. As the air rises is cools and condenses, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation

Question 4

What is a rain shadow

Answer 4

a dry area on the downwind side of a mountain range caused by orographic

Question 5

Can warm air or cold air hold more water

Answer 5

warm air

Question 6

water vapor of air is ________ dependent. water vapor capacity of air _______ with temperature

Answer 6

temperature
increases

Question 7

climate variations are often linked to average air __________ and water __________

Answer 7

temperature
vapor

Question 8

relative humidity is water vapor content or air expressed as a percentage of the water vapor _______ of the air

Answer 8

capacity

Question 9

water vapor condenses if temperature decreases and relative humidity reaches ______

Answer 9

100%

Question 10

residence times describes what

Answer 10

volume of water in a steady state reservoir divided by the inflow or outflow rate

Question 11

how much liquid water is sea water

Answer 11

99%
emphasize liquid

Question 12

is water renewable on the human timescale

Answer 12

no

Question 13

What is most of Canadas water used for

Answer 13

energy generation and industrial processes

Question 14

Which of the following have the highest water demand and water quality impact: Agriculture, Urban, recreation, mining, forestry

Answer 14

agriculture

Question 15

Which of the following have the lowest water demand and water quality impact: Agriculture, Urban, recreation, mining, forestry

Answer 15

forestry

Question 16

Does mining or recreation have a higher water water quality impact? and water demand?

Answer 16

recreation has a higher water demand. Mining has a higher water quality impact

Question 17

What are the 5 main human activities that affect water quality

Answer 17

Agriculture, urban, recreation, mining, and forestry

Question 18

what factors can lead to hydrology runoff

Answer 18

rate of rainfall exceeds infiltration capacity.
residual moisture decreases infiltration capacity.
frozen soil limits infiltration capacity
groundwater discharges from topographic lows
urbanization prevents infiltration

Question 19

total area feeding water to a drainage system is a

Answer 19

watershed

Question 20

_______ streams feed higher order streams

Answer 20

tributary

Question 21

what is stream order

Answer 21

term defining the amount of branching in a stream

Question 22

how many tributaries does first order streams have

Answer 22

0

Question 23

When do second order stream form

Answer 23

when do first order stream come together

Question 24

What can we also call a first order stream

Answer 24

a head water

Question 25

The water shed order is defined by

Answer 25

order of streams in the water shed

Question 26

Define discharge

Answer 26

the volume of water flowing through a river at a specific point per unit time

Question 27

as tributaries join to form higher order streams, the discharge generally _______

Answer 27

increases

Question 28

width and depth of streams __________ downstream, due to greater water volume as tributaries join the stream

Answer 28

increase

Question 29

What is a thalweg

Answer 29

the part of the stream with the highest flow velocity streams increases speed on the outside of a curve. if the stream is a straight the, the velocity is greatest in the middle

Question 30

Why do straight channels occur

Answer 30

the stream is forced to be straight by the local geology

Question 31

why do meandering channels occur

Answer 31

the river is free to roam across an unconfined valley floor

Question 32

Why does a meander cutoff and oxbow lake occur

Answer 32

produced when a meander is cut off from the main channel. The neck is where the two parts of the stream meet

Question 33

why do braided (anastomosing) channels occur

Answer 33

stream contains more sediment than it can transport

Question 34

What are the three stages of flooding

Answer 34

normal discharge, bank-full, flood stage

Question 35

what is alluvium

Answer 35

sediments deposited by a flood

Question 36

what are levees

Answer 36

ledges or barriers to prevent a flood from a river overflowing. Can be natural or anthropogenic

Question 37

High velocity of a flood means there will be: ________ flow, ______ suspended load, and _____ bed load

Answer 37

turbulent high high

Question 38

lower velocity of a flood means there will be: _____ suspended load, and deposition of ______

Answer 38

high silt/clay

Question 39

what is base level

Answer 39

level below which a stream can no longer erode the land the level of the ocean or lake

Question 40

What is a graded stream

Answer 40

No erosion or deposition occurs because the stream has a dynamic equilibrium between the sediment supply(deposition) and transport(erosion)

Question 41

For hydroelectric dams, what is the problem with downstream dams and upstream dams

Answer 41

Downstream dam: river is deprived of sediment, erodes into its bed upstream of the dam: base level is higher than previously, stream channel accumulates sediments

Question 42

Where is the water table located

Answer 42

boundary between saturated and unsaturated zones in an aquifer

Question 43

What is a aquifer

Answer 43

unit of rock or unconsolidated sediment through which groundwater can flow

Question 44

What are the three types of groundwater wells

Answer 44

water-level monitoring well, production well, and injection well

Question 45

Water flows ______ through a good aquifer for groundwater production

Answer 45

quickly

Question 46

residence time through an aquifer depends on

Answer 46

porosity

Question 47

Which is more porous: uncemented sandstone or cemented

Answer 47

uncemented sandstone

Question 48

is well-sorted sandstone or poorly sorted sandstone more porous

Answer 48

well-sorted sandstone

Question 49

Order these from most to least porous: unconsolidated sediment, non-fractured igneous or metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary rocks

Answer 49

unconsolidated sediments, sedimentary, non-fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks

Question 50

What are the 3 principle types of pores

Answer 50

intergranular fracture vuggy

Question 51

describe a vuggy texture

Answer 51

caused by dissolution of rock. Holes form. Typically in carbonate rocks

Question 52

Groundwater discharges from spring in

Answer 52

wet season

Question 53

Groundwater discharges through riverbeds in

Answer 53

wet and dry season

Question 54

groundwater can discharge water to a ________ and _______ can recharge groundwater

Answer 54

wetland wetland

Question 55

What is the hydraulic head

Answer 55

the level groundwater rises to in a groundwater well. Elevation of the water level is measured relative to sea level(datum)

Question 56

groundwater flows along flow paths from area of _________ to areas of __________

Answer 56

recharge discharge

Question 57

flow rate is proportional to hydraulic ________ and hydraulic ____________

Answer 57

gradient conductivity

Question 58

What can affect the balance between recharge and discharge

Answer 58

velocity of flow

Question 59

groundwater wells can _______ the pattern of groundwater flow

Answer 59

change

Question 60

rate of groundwater extraction is limited by rate of _________

Answer 60

recharge

Question 61

pumping water from an unconfined aquifer can generate a

Answer 61

cone of depression

Question 62

aquifer subsidence happens when

Answer 62

extraction can decrease water pressure in pore spaces and aquifers compress causing depressions

Question 63

contaminants to groundwater include

Answer 63

toxic chemicals, organic chemicals and microorganisms

Question 64

What toxic element that contaminates groundwater is talked a lot about the slides

Answer 64

arsenic

Question 65

can arsenic contamination be naturally occurring and anthropogenic

Answer 65

yes Naturally-occurring: weathering of minerals that contain arsenic Anthropogenic: contamination by mining, manufacturing, agriculture

Question 66

where was there a big problems of arsenic in the groundwater

Answer 66

Bangladesh eroded mountains containing arsenic infiltrated the aquifers, ground water and streams

Question 67

what is an aquitard

Answer 67

a confining layer that has low permeability and does not allow easy water flow. Basically the impermeable layer

Question 68

why does the artesian well flow without pumping

Answer 68

the top of the neck is below the water table

Question 69

groundwater flows when there is a _______ in hydraulic head. from areas of _____ hydraulic head to areas of ______ hydraulic head

Answer 69

gradient higher lower