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Geology 102 > Hydrologic Cycle > Flashcards

Hydrologic Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What does flux mean

A

rate of flow, movement between reservoirs

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2
Q

Is the flux in and out of the ocean balanced

A

yeas, almost

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3
Q

What is orographic precipitation

A

occurs when moist air is forced to ascend over a mountain range. As the air rises is cools and condenses, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation

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4
Q

What is a rain shadow

A

a dry area on the downwind side of a mountain range caused by orographic

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5
Q

Can warm air or cold air hold more water

A

warm air

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6
Q

water vapor of air is ________ dependent. water vapor capacity of air _______ with temperature

A

temperature
increases

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7
Q

climate variations are often linked to average air __________ and water __________

A

temperature
vapor

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8
Q

relative humidity is water vapor content or air expressed as a percentage of the water vapor _______ of the air

A

capacity

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9
Q

water vapor condenses if temperature decreases and relative humidity reaches ______

A

100%

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10
Q

residence times describes what

A

volume of water in a steady state reservoir divided by the inflow or outflow rate

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11
Q

how much liquid water is sea water

A

99%
emphasize liquid

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12
Q

is water renewable on the human timescale

A

no

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13
Q

What is most of Canadas water used for

A

energy generation and industrial processes

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14
Q

Which of the following have the highest water demand and water quality impact: Agriculture, Urban, recreation, mining, forestry

A

agriculture

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15
Q

Which of the following have the lowest water demand and water quality impact: Agriculture, Urban, recreation, mining, forestry

A

forestry

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16
Q

Does mining or recreation have a higher water water quality impact? and water demand?

A

recreation has a higher water demand. Mining has a higher water quality impact

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17
Q

What are the 5 main human activities that affect water quality

A

Agriculture, urban, recreation, mining, and forestry

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18
Q

what factors can lead to hydrology runoff

A

rate of rainfall exceeds infiltration capacity.
residual moisture decreases infiltration capacity.
frozen soil limits infiltration capacity
groundwater discharges from topographic lows
urbanization prevents infiltration

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19
Q

total area feeding water to a drainage system is a

A

watershed

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20
Q

_______ streams feed higher order streams

A

tributary

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21
Q

what is stream order

A

term defining the amount of branching in a stream

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22
Q

how many tributaries does first order streams have

A

0

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23
Q

When do second order stream form

A

when do first order stream come together

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24
Q

What can we also call a first order stream

A

a head water

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25
Q

The water shed order is defined by

A

order of streams in the water shed

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26
Q

Define discharge

A

the volume of water flowing through a river at a specific point per unit time

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27
Q

as tributaries join to form higher order streams, the discharge generally _______

A

increases

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28
Q

width and depth of streams __________ downstream, due to greater water volume as tributaries join the stream

A

increase

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29
Q

What is a thalweg

A

the part of the stream with the highest flow velocity
streams increases speed on the outside of a curve. if the stream is a straight the, the velocity is greatest in the middle

30
Q

Why do straight channels occur

A

the stream is forced to be straight by the local geology

31
Q

why do meandering channels occur

A

the river is free to roam across an unconfined valley floor

32
Q

Why does a meander cutoff and oxbow lake occur

A

produced when a meander is cut off from the main channel.

The neck is where the two parts of the stream meet

33
Q

why do braided (anastomosing) channels occur

A

stream contains more sediment than it can transport

34
Q

What are the three stages of flooding

A

normal discharge, bank-full, flood stage

35
Q

what is alluvium

A

sediments deposited by a flood

36
Q

what are levees

A

ledges or barriers to prevent a flood from a river overflowing. Can be natural or anthropogenic

37
Q

High velocity of a flood means there will be: ________ flow, ______ suspended load, and _____ bed load

A

turbulent
high
high

38
Q

lower velocity of a flood means there will be: _____ suspended load, and deposition of ______

A

high
silt/clay

39
Q

what is base level

A

level below which a stream can no longer erode the land
the level of the ocean or lake

40
Q

What is a graded stream

A

No erosion or deposition occurs because the stream has a dynamic equilibrium between the sediment supply(deposition) and transport(erosion)

41
Q

For hydroelectric dams, what is the problem with downstream dams and upstream dams

A

Downstream dam: river is deprived of sediment, erodes into its bed
upstream of the dam: base level is higher than previously, stream channel accumulates sediments

42
Q

Where is the water table located

A

boundary between saturated and unsaturated zones in an aquifer

43
Q

What is a aquifer

A

unit of rock or unconsolidated sediment through which groundwater can flow

44
Q

What are the three types of groundwater wells

A

water-level monitoring well, production well, and injection well

45
Q

Water flows ______ through a good aquifer for groundwater production

A

quickly

46
Q

residence time through an aquifer depends on

A

porosity

47
Q

Which is more porous: uncemented sandstone or cemented

A

uncemented sandstone

48
Q

is well-sorted sandstone or poorly sorted sandstone more porous

A

well-sorted sandstone

49
Q

Order these from most to least porous: unconsolidated sediment, non-fractured igneous or metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary rocks

A

unconsolidated sediments, sedimentary, non-fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks

50
Q

What are the 3 principle types of pores

A

intergranular
fracture
vuggy

51
Q

describe a vuggy texture

A

caused by dissolution of rock. Holes form. Typically in carbonate rocks

52
Q

Groundwater discharges from spring in

A

wet season

53
Q

Groundwater discharges through riverbeds in

A

wet and dry season

54
Q

groundwater can discharge water to a ________ and _______ can recharge groundwater

A

wetland
wetland

55
Q

What is the hydraulic head

A

the level groundwater rises to in a groundwater well.
Elevation of the water level is measured relative to sea level(datum)

56
Q

groundwater flows along flow paths from area of _________ to areas of __________

A

recharge
discharge

57
Q

flow rate is proportional to hydraulic ________ and hydraulic ____________

A

gradient
conductivity

58
Q

What can affect the balance between recharge and discharge

A

velocity of flow

59
Q

groundwater wells can _______ the pattern of groundwater flow

A

change

60
Q

rate of groundwater extraction is limited by rate of _________

A

recharge

61
Q

pumping water from an unconfined aquifer can generate a

A

cone of depression

62
Q

aquifer subsidence happens when

A

extraction can decrease water pressure in pore spaces and aquifers compress causing depressions

63
Q

contaminants to groundwater include

A

toxic chemicals, organic chemicals and microorganisms

64
Q

What toxic element that contaminates groundwater is talked a lot about the slides

A

arsenic

65
Q

can arsenic contamination be naturally occurring and anthropogenic

A

yes
Naturally-occurring: weathering of minerals that contain
arsenic
Anthropogenic: contamination by mining, manufacturing,
agriculture

66
Q

where was there a big problems of arsenic in the groundwater

A

Bangladesh
eroded mountains containing arsenic infiltrated the aquifers, ground water and streams

67
Q

what is an aquitard

A

a confining layer that has low permeability and does not allow easy water flow. Basically the impermeable layer

68
Q

why does the artesian well flow without pumping

A

the top of the neck is below the water table

69
Q

groundwater flows when there is a _______ in hydraulic head. from areas of _____ hydraulic head to areas of ______ hydraulic head

A

gradient
higher
lower

70
Q
A

Geology 102 (11 decks)

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