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Principles of Metallurgy > Mineral Processing: LIBERATION > Flashcards

Mineral Processing: LIBERATION Flashcards

1
Q
  • an inorganically formed, naturally
    occurring homogenous solid having a
    definite chemical composition and an
    orderly crystal structure.
A

Minerals

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2
Q
  • is a mineral deposit w/c can be
    ECONOMICALLY EXPLOITED to become a
    source or supply of a particular material
A

Ore

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3
Q

all minerals having NO
ECONOMIC VALUE

A

Gangue

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4
Q

also known as Mineral Dressing, Ore Dressing, Mineral
Beneficiation, Milling

A

Mineral Processing

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5
Q
  • Mechanical Separation of valuable
    minerals from valueless minerals
A

Mineral Processing

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6
Q

“de-stresses” the transition between the
mineral source, to the final metal product

A

Mineral Processing

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7
Q
  • To bring valuable mineral or the
    final product into suitable
    technical condition as required
    by the process
  • Undesired constituents of the
    original ore must be removed or
    reduced below the specified
    units
A

TECHNICAL

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8
Q
  • To provide the cheapest way to
    eliminate the unwanted
    minerals
  • Reduce unit material handling
    costs
A

ECONOMIC

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9
Q
  • Concentration of desired mineral =
A

Freight Savings

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10
Q

Waste Rock Minimization =

A

Improved
Metal Purity!

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11
Q

Effective Material Reduction =

A

Reduced
Treatment Charges!

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12
Q
  • particle size reduction by breaking,
    crushing, or grinding of ore, rock, coal, or
    other materials
  • It is a critical component in most mineral
    processing flowsheets and can serve
    several purposes
  • Goals: LIBERATION and SEPARATION
A

COMMUNITION

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13
Q
  • Segregation of Materials into products
    characterized by difference in size
  • Screening and Classification
A

SIZING

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14
Q
  • Separation of valuable minerals
  • Based on the physical characteristics of
    minerals
A

CONCENTRATION

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15
Q
  • Solid/liquid separation by thickeners and filters
A

DEWATERING

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16
Q
  • Bins, conveyors, feeders, pumps, etc.
A

AUXILIARY OPERATIONS

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17
Q
  • output is the mineral form of the valuable
    minerals and its liberation size
  • identification of the mineral form by
    comparison with known samples of
    minerals and linear testing under the
    microscope
A

ORE MICROSCOPY

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18
Q
  • A beam of electrons is focused on to a
    point on the surface of the sample
  • The elements being detected both
    qualitatively and quantitatively by their
    resulting x-ray spectra
A

ELECTRON PROBE ANALYSIS

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19
Q
  • Measure the average spacing between
    layers or rows of atoms
  • Determine the orientation of a single
    crystal or grain
  • Find the crystal structure of an unknown
    material
  • Measure the size, shape and internal
    stress of small crystalline regions
A

XRD

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20
Q
  • Mineral Dressing consists of two steps:
A

LIBERATION AND SEPARATION

21
Q

impracticable if the 1st step
has not been successfully accomplished!

A

SEPARATION

22
Q

The essential prerequisite for the
separation of an ore into valuable and waste
fractions

A

LIBERATION

23
Q

Incomplete liberation limits either ____________

A

GRADE OR RECOVERY

24
Q

Uncrushed rock

A

Grains, Grain size

25
Q

**

Crushed rock

A

Particles, Particle size

26
Q

Particles can consist of a single mineral;

A

FREE PARTICLES

27
Q

When a particle consists of 2 or more
minerals, this is called

A

LOCKED PARTCLES

28
Q

The percentage of a mineral or phase
occurring as free particles

A

DEGREE OF LIBERATION

29
Q

the percentage of minerals that exist as locked particles

A

DEGREE OF LOCKING

30
Q

– Happens when the interface between
grainsis weak
– Fracture at the grain boundaries; liberation
at the mineral grain

A

INTERGRANULAR

30
Q
  • Multiple separating tests
    *Microscope counting techniques
  • Polarized light mineragraphy
A

QUANTIFYING F

31
Q

– Fracture occur across the grain; occurs
when mineral has weak structure
– Most common liberation problem

A

TRANSGRANULAR

32
Q

– Localized stresses (@ the surface)
–Occurs when insufficient energy is applied
to cause significant fracture of the particles

A

ABRASION

33
Q
  • Contains both valuable and gangue
    minerals!
  • A large proportion of the difficulties
    experienced in mineral separation are
    associated with the treatment of these
    particles
A

MIDDLINGS

34
Q

– Impact
– The applied energy is well in excess of
which is required for fracture
– Under these conditions, many parts of the
particle is overloaded
– Comparatively large number of particles
with a wide range of sizes

A

SHATTER

35
Q

– Slow compression
– Occurs when energy applied is just
sufficient to load comparatively few regions
of the particles to the fracture point
– Only a few new particles produced

A

CLEAVAGE

36
Q

TYPES OF MIDDLINGS

further size reduction increase liberation

A

RECTILINEAR

37
Q

TYPES OF MIDDLINGS

further reduction will increase liberation but a significant part are still very hard to liberate

A

SHELL

38
Q

TYPES OF MIDDLINGS

difficult to liberate

A

VEIN

39
Q

TYPES OF MIDDLINGS

very fine reduction treatment

A

OCCLUSIONS

39
Q
  • Occurs by preferential fracturing
  • No further liberation may be obtained by
    additional comminution
  • Possible if mineral has:
    – Macrostructural weakness (coal beds)
    – Microstructural weakness (schists)
    – Microstructural differences in physical
    properties of adjacent minerals (galena and
    quartz)
A

LIBERATION BY DETACHMENT

39
Q
  • An empirical relationship between energy
    consumed during size reduction has been
    proposed by Hukki;
A

Energy-Size Reduction Relationship

39
Q
  • Concerned with the relationship between
    energy input and the particle size made from
    a given feed size
  • Various theories were put forward; none
    was individually satisfactory
A

COMMINUTION THEORY

40
Q

considered to be proportional to one side of
that area; therefore, it is inversely
proportional to the square root of the
diameter

A

crack length in unit volume

41
Q

Applicability of Energy Laws

  • For Crushing (>1cm)
A

KICK’s

42
Q

Applicability of Energy Laws

-For Fine Grinding (10 - 1000μm) →

A

RITTINGER’s

42
Q

Applicability of Energy Laws

-For Rod Mill and Ball Mill grinding →

A

BOND’s

43
Q

Applicability of Energy Laws

For ranges approaching grinding limit →

A

No practical application!

43
Q
  • For crushing, it is often taken as the ratio of
    the feed opening (gape) to the discharge
    opening (set) of equipment

clue work: “ratio”

A

Reduction Ratio

Principles of Metallurgy (13 decks)

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