Milk Flashcards
What is milk a good source of?
High biological value protein and calcium.
What percentage of fat is in each millk?
Whole milk - 4%
Semi-skimmed - 2%
Skimmed - 0.1%
What is the percentage of water in milk?
85.2-86.4%
What is the percentage of carbohydrate in milk?
4.8%
What is the percentage of fat in milk?
3.5-5%
What is the percentage of protein in milk?
3.5%
What is the percentage of vitamins in milk?
0.8%
What is the percentage of minerals in milk?
0.7%
What are the 5 steps in order of processing milk?
1) Pasteurisation
2) Homogenising
3) Skimming
4) Sterilising
5) Ultra-heat treating
What happens during pasteurisation?
Milk is heated to 75 degrees C for 25 seconds, then rapidly cooled to 5 degrees C. This gets rid of most pathogenic bacteria but doesn’t affect overall flavour.
What happens during homogenising?
Forcing pasteurised milk through a very fine mesh so that fat globules are broken up and they are evenly distributed through the milk, creating an emulsion.
What happens during skimming?
Skimming the cream (fat) on the milk, producing semi-skimmed, 1% fat and skimmed milk.
What happens during sterilising?
Placing milk in a sealed bottle and heating it to 110-130 degrees C for 30 minutes. This means that it can be unopened and stored for months.
What happens during ultra-heat treating?
Milk is heated to 135 degrees celsius for 1 second, then sealed in storage packs where if not opened can be stored for up to 6 months. This is often called ‘long-life’ milk.
These milks can be further processed into other milk products. Name 3:
-Evaporated milk
-Dried milk
-Condensed milk
What is evaporated milk?
Milk that has had 50% of the water removed, then canned and heated treated. It has a shelf life of 12 months.
What is dried milk?
The water in milk is evaporated by spraying the milk into a chamber of hot circulating air. The water evaporates from the droplets leaving dried milk to fall to the floor of the chamber. Once it is reconstituted with water it becomes like fresh milk again.
What is condensed milk?
Sugar is added to milk, then the milk is evaporated at 55-60 degrees C and immediately cooled to 30 degrees C, then it’s canned and heat treated.
Condensed milk is 3 times more concentrated than fresh milk.
It is commonly used in the confectionary industry for toffee, caramel or fudge.
What 4 factors affect the flavour, fat content and colour of cow milk.
-The breed of cows
-The season when the milk was produced
-The type of grass or ‘meal’ they’re fed
-The age and general health of the cows.
What is the fat content of evaporated milk?
4-10%
What is the fat content of dried milk?
0-3%
What is the fat content of condensed milk?
10+%
Name 4 other products we can produce from milk:
-Yoghurt
-Butter
-Cream
-Cheese
For roughly how long can cows produce milk for?
3 years, before being slaughtered for their meat.
How often does a cow have to be milked?
Daily, every morning and evening.
On average, how much milk can a dairy cow produce in one day?
20 litres.
What disease are dairy cows regularly tested for?
Tuberculosis.
What is a lactose intolerance?
The inability to digest lactose in cows milk. The bacteria in the gut feeds on undigested lactose causing painful abdominal symptoms.
What milks can lactose intolerant people have instead of cows?
Goat or sheep.
What milks can people who have dairy allergies have instead of cows, goats or sheep?
Soya beans, oats, rice, coconuts and almonds can all be processed to produce a white liquid that can be used as a substitute for animal milk.
They can be fortified with extra vitamins and minerals to improve nutritional value.
What recipes use dried milk?
You can add water to use it as fresh milk.
What recipes use evaporated milk?
-You can pour it over desserts
-Tart au chocolat
-Stirred into coffee
What recipes use condensed milk?
-Fudge
-Caramel
-Millionaire shortbread
What recipes use fresh, UHT and sterilised milk?
-Hot drinks
-Custard
-Butter
-Panna cota
-Smoothies
-White/cheese sauce
-Rice puddings
How should fresh milk be stored?
Fresh milk should always be stored in a refrigerator at 5 degrees C. Glass bottles should have a tight fitting lid and stored away from strong smelling foods.
What 2 rules apply to storing any milk?
-Keeping away from sunlight
-Not mixing old and new milk together.
How should sterilised + UHT milk be stored?
They can be stored unopened at room temperature. But once it’s been opened, it should be stored in a refrigerator.
How should evaporated milk be stored?
It has a long shelf life and can be stored, unopened, in a kitchen cupboard. Once opened it should be treated like fresh milk.
How should dried milk be stored?
It can be stored for a very long time at room temperature, in a lidded container. Once it is reconstituted with water it must be treated like fresh milk.
How should condensed milk be stored?
It should ideally be stored in a cold refrigerator, however, because it’s been heat treated and is high in sugar, it can be stored at room temperature for a day or two in a lidded container.
