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Psychology- Core Studies > Milgram > Flashcards

Milgram Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Nazi Germany slaughtering people?

A

1933-1945

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2
Q

What was happening in Germany 1933-1945?

A

Millions of innocent people were being systematically slaughtered on command

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3
Q

What was Milgrams aim?

A

To investigate obedience by testing how far an individual will go in obeying an authority figure

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4
Q

Why was Milgram so interested in the obedience in Nazi Germany?

A

His family were Jewish and so if they had been in parts of Europe at that time they would have been slaughtered

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5
Q

What were the expectations for Milgrams study from Milgram, other professionals and the public for the study?

A

1-2% of participants would go to the maximum shock levels, the rest would drop out early

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6
Q

What gender were Milgrams participants?

A

Male

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7
Q

What age were Milgrams participants?

A

20-50

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8
Q

Where were Milgrams participants from?

A

New Haven and surrounding communities

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9
Q

What jobs did Milgram want his participants to have?

A

Any job

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10
Q

Why did Milgram want to study this group of participants?

A

These are the people that would have been drafted into war at the time

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11
Q

What were Milgrams participants offered to take part in the study?

A

$4.50 that they got just for showing up, they didn’t need to actually complete the study to get it

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12
Q

How were Milgrams participants gathered?

A

Newspaper advertisements and direct mailing

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13
Q

Where was Milgrams study conducted?

A

Yale university

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14
Q

Was the experimenter in Milgrams study real?

A

No, the participants met an actor

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15
Q

What was the first step of Milgrams experiment?

A

The naïve participant and victim drew slips of paper to decide who was the learner (the draw was rigged so the naïve participant was always the teacher)

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16
Q

Where were Milgrams participants taken initially and what happened there? (3)

A

~An adjacent room where the learner was strapped to an “electric chair”
~An electrode was attached to participants wrist which participants were told was attached to an electric shock generator in another room
~Experimenter declared that although the shocks can be extremely painful they cause no permanent tissue damage

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17
Q

What was the “learning task” in Milgrams experiment? (3)

A

~The teacher read a series of word pairs to the learner and then read the first word of the pair along with four terms
~The learner had to indicate which of the four words was in the word pair
~He communicated his answer by pressing one of four switches which lit up one of four areas in an answer box on top of the electric shock generator

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18
Q

What was Milgrams shock generator like?(3)

A

~It was designed to look as authentic as possible
~There were 30 switches 15-450V increasing by 15V each time
~Warnings were assigned to each group of four switches from slight shock to danger:servers shock and then XXX

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19
Q

What was Milgrams participant given and why?

A

Before beginning being a teacher each naive participant was given a sample shock to the wrist of 45V to convince the participant of the authenticity of the generator

20
Q

What was Milgrams teacher instructed to do?

A

Administer a shock to the learner each time he gave an incorrect answer
The shocks had to increase by a level each time and announce the voltage level before doing so

21
Q

Why did Milgrams teacher have to announce the voltage level before administering the shock?

A

To remind the teacher of the increasing intensity of the shocks he was giving

22
Q

What was the schedule of answers from Milgram’s learner?

A

3 wrong answers to 1 correct answer

23
Q

What happened after the 300V shock was administered?

A

Learner kicked the wall then gave no answer to the next word pair

24
Q

What happened after the 315V was administered?

A

The learner kicked the wall again and then gave no further feedback or response

25
Q

What were the standardised experimenter prods if Milgram’s participant no longer wanted to continue?

A

In this order:
~”Please continue” “Please go on”
~”The experiment requires that you continue”
~”It is essential that you continue”
~”You have no other choice you must go on”

26
Q

What did the experimenter say if Milgram’s participant asked if the learner was in danger of permanent physical injury?

A

“Although shocks may be painful there is no permanent tissue damage, so please go on”

27
Q

What did the experimenter say if Milgram’s participant asked if the learner was in danger of permanent physical injury?

A

“Whether the learner likes it or not, you must go on until he has learned all the word pairs correctly. So please go on”

28
Q

What was Milgram’s dependant measure?

A

Did the participant stop before administering 450V (defiant participant) or did they comply completely and administer all shock levels (obedient participant)

29
Q

What happened after Milgram’s experiment?

A

~Participants were interviewed
~The participant and victim reconciled
~An effort was made to reduce any tensions as a result of the experiment for the participant

30
Q

What were the predictions for Milgram’s experiment?

A

0-3% (mean of 1.2%) of participants would obey completely

31
Q

What were the quantitative results for Milgram’s experiment? (2)

A

~No participants stopped before 300V
~26 participants- 65% went to the 450V maximum

32
Q

What were the qualitative results for Milgram’s experiment?

A

~Participants typically showed signs of extreme stress
~14 showed signs of nervous laughter and smiling
~3 experienced seizures
~Comments made by defiant participants at the point they broke off suggested high levels of agitation and even anger

33
Q

What signs of stress did Milgrams participants show?

A

~Sweating
~Trembling
~Stuttering
~Biting their lips
~Groaning
~Dig nails into their flesh

34
Q

What did Milgram conclude? (2)

A

~This situation produces extremely strong tendencies to obey
~This situation generates extraordinary tension and emotional strain

35
Q

What are the features of the experiment that may explain the high levels of obedience in Milgram’s study?

A

~Experiment took place at/was sponsored by Yale university
~The false experiment was distend to attain a worthy purpose
~The participant believed the victim voluntarily submitted himself to the authority system
~The participant had volunteered to take part in the experiment
~The participant was paid to go to the laboratory
~The participant believed it was chance he was the teacher
~There was a lack of clarity of what a psychologist could expect of a participant and when he was over-stepping limits
~The participants had been assured the shocks were painful but not dangerous
~As long as the learner continued to provide answers it could be constructed he was willing to continue

36
Q

What four features of Milgram’s experiment may explain the tension experienced by the participants? (4)

A

~Participants had to respond to competing demands from two people whose demands couldn’t both be met
~The demands of the experimenter (for abstract scientific knowledge) and the victim were very different (for relief from physical suffering)
~The experimenter gave the participant little time for reflection
~Participants experienced conflict between the disposition to not harm others and the tendency to obey those perceived to be legitimate authority

37
Q

Why might the fact Milgram’s study was sponsored by and took place at Yale university explain the high levels of obedience observed?

A

It is an institution with a very high reputation so the participant will have trusted the experimenter

38
Q

Why might the fact that Milgrams cover “experiment” was designed to attain a worth purpose explain the high levels of obedience observed?

A

It was to advance the knowledge about learning and memory which could be very useful in real life so the participants might have believed the benefits to society were worth the harm to the victim

39
Q

Why might the fact that Milgram’s participant believes the victim willingly submitted himself to the authority system of the experimenter explain the high levels of obedience observed?

A

The participant might think that since the victim agreed to be in the system he needs to obey it so needs to keep answering as the experimenter is telling him ti

40
Q

Why might the fact that the participant volunteered to be in the experiment explain the high levels of obedience observed?

A

They might feel an obligation to help the experimenter and not ruin the experiment

41
Q

Why might the fact that the participant was paid to come to the laboratory explain the high levels of obedience observed?

A

This strengthened the participants sense of obligation to the experimenter as he had fulfilled his end of the deal so the participant felt he had to do the same

42
Q

What type of study did Milgram’s participants believe they were taking part in?

A

A study of memory and learning

43
Q

Why might the fact Milgram’s participants believed it was purely chance that made them the teacher explain the high levels of obedience observed?

A

He believed they both ran the same risk of being assigned the learner so the learner couldn’t complain about this

44
Q

Why might the fact that the participants were assured the shocks were “painful but not dangerous” explain the high levels of obedience observed?

A

They believed they wouldn’t cause any long term damage to the victim high made it easier to justify the pain in the name of science

45
Q

Why might the fact the learner continued to provide answers until 300V explain the high levels of obedience observed?

A

It could be construed that he was willing to continue

46
Q

What are the main points of the evaluations of Milgram’s study?

A

~Research methods
~Data
~Ethics
~Validity
~Reliability
~Sample
~Ethnocentrism

47
Q

How can research methods be used to criticise Milgram’s study?

A

~Milgram did not have an independent variable
~He carried out a series of variations of his study (eg with women)
~This means it could be argued his original study became a “control condition” to compare other versions of the study against
~However there was still no independent variable within the first study itself
~This means it arguably does not meet the requirements for it to be an experiment
~While it arguably does not meet the criteria to be counted as an experiment, its highly standardised procedure made it replicable which aided its reliability

Psychology- Core Studies (11 decks)

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