Lee Et Al

Question 1

What year was Lee et al’s study?

Answer 1

1997

Question 2

What is culture?

Answer 2

The human-made part of the environment including the ways people do things as well as beliefs, values and norms

Question 3

What did Hofstede propose?

Answer 3

Cultures are either individualistic or collectivist

Question 4

What is an individualistic culture?

Answer 4

Identities are defined by their personal choices and achievements
Their self-reliance and their right to “do their own thing” is emphasised

Question 5

What is a collectivist culture?

Answer 5

Identities are defined by the groups they see themselves as a part of
The group goals take priority over individual goals and maintaining the group harmony is important

Question 6

Are cultures completely individualistic or deterministic?

Answer 6

No but in general the west is more individualistic and the east is more collectivist

Question 7

What was the aims of Lee et al’s study?

Answer 7

Culture ~ to find out if the culture a child grows up in affects their views about truth-telling and lying
Age ~ to find out if the views of children about truth-telling and lying change as they grow older

Question 8

What type of study was Lee et Al’s?

Answer 8

A snapshot (cross-sectional) study

Question 9

In Lee et Al’s study which country represented collectivist cultures?

Answer 9

China

Question 10

In Lee et Al’s study which country represented individualistic cultures?

Answer 10

Canada

Question 11

What were the three ages of children in Lee et Al’s study?

Answer 11

7
9
11

Question 12

How many Chinese 7 year olds were in Lee et Al’s study and what was the gender split?

Answer 12

40

20M + 20F

Question 13

How many Chinese 9 year olds were in Lee et Al’s study and what was the gender split?

Answer 13

40

20M+20F

Question 14

How many Chinese 11 year olds were in Lee et Al’s study and what was the gender split?

Answer 14

40

20M+20F

Question 15

How many Canadian 7 year olds were in Lee et Al’s study and what was the gender split?

Answer 15

36

20M+16F

Question 16

How many Canadian 9 year olds were in Lee et Al’s study and what was the gender split?

Answer 16

40

24M+16F

Question 17

How many Canadian 11 year olds were in Lee et Al’s study and what was the gender split?

Answer 17

32

14M+18F

Question 18

Were the same children used for the different ages and why?

Answer 18

No as this was a snapshot (cross-sectional) study

Question 19

What is a snapshot (cross-sectional) study?

Answer 19

A study that analyzes data of variables collected at ONE GIVEN POINT IN TIME across a sample population

Question 20

What were the four story stypes read to the children in Lee et Al’s study?

Answer 20

~ A child would behave anti-socially and then lie to their teacher about their actions (deny it)

~ A child would behave anti-socially and then tell the truth to their teacher about their actions (admit it)

~ A child would behave pro-socially and then lie to their teacher about their actions (deny it)

~ A child would behave anti-socially and then tell the truth to their teacher about their actions (admit it)

Question 21

What type of stories did the children receive?

Answer 21

Half received “social” stories and the other half received “physical” stories

Question 22

In Lee et Al’s study what was a social story?

Answer 22

Stories in which the behaviour had an impact on another child

Question 23

In Lee et Al’s study what was a physical story?

Answer 23

Stories in which the behaviour had an impact on the environment

Question 24

What was the steps in Lee et Al’s study?

Answer 24

Children were read all four story styles
The order varied to different children

Children then had to answer two questions

Children answered using a rating scale +3 to - 3 (+3 very very good and -3 very very naughty)

Question 25

What were the two questions children had to answer?

Answer 25

~ Is what _____ did good or naughty?

~ Is what _____ said to their teacher good or naughty?

Question 26

What were the findings of Lee et al’s study?

Answer 26

~ Children in China view telling the truth about doing something pro-social less positively the older they get (seen as wanting praise)

~ Children in China view telling the truth about doing something pro-social less positively the older they get (seen as wanting praise)

~ Both Chinese and Canadian children viewed telling the truth about anti-social actions very positively

~ Both Chinese and Canadian children viewed lying about anti-social actions negatively and in both cultures ratings became more negative as children got older

Question 27

What is the summary of results in Lee et Al’s study?

Answer 27

For the pro-social stories, culture and age influenced children’s views on truth-telling and lying

For the anti-social stories, culture had no influence on children’s views on truth-telling and lying, while age did

Question 28

What is the conclusion of Lee et Al’s study?

Answer 28

Moral development is different in different cultures as a result of social-cultural norms and practices

It is not only as a results of cognitive development as earlier research (Kohlberg 1968) suggests

Question 29

What debates does Lee et Al’s link to?

Answer 29

Nurture

Determinism

Holism

Question 30

What side of the Nature vs Nurture debate does Lee et Al’s study link to and why?

Answer 30

~ Nurture
~ Suggests our morals are influenced by the cultures we grew up in

Question 31

What side of the Determinism vs Free will debate does Lee et Al’s study link to and why?

Answer 31

~ Deterministic
~ Suggests morals are caused by culture
~ Environmental determinism

Question 32

What side of the Reductionism vs Holism debate does Lee et Al’s study link to and why?

Answer 32

~ Holism
~ Investigates both age and culture as influences on moral development

Question 33

Why could Lee et Al’s study be considered ethnocentric?

Answer 33

~ Canada may not represent all individualistic culture and China may not represent all collectivist cultures

~ Stories may have been perceived differently in each culture

Question 34

Why could Lee et Al’s study be considered not ethnocentric?

Answer 34

Studied children from China and Canada

Question 35

How has Lee et Al’s study changed our understanding of the key theme of the developmental area?

Answer 35

~ Suggested the culture a child grows up in can have an effect on the development of their moral thinking

~ It isn’t talking about “levels” or “stages” of moral development

Question 36

How has Lee et Al’s study not changed our understanding of the key theme of the developmental area?

Answer 36

~ Both Kohlberg’s and Lee et al’s children’s moral thinking changes as they grow up

~ Doesn’t find anything to challenge the idea of moral thinking developing in a sequence

Question 37

What are the similarities between Kohlberg’s and Lee et Al’s study?

Answer 37

~Both studies are cross-cultural
~ Kohlberg - studied boys in the US and then Taiwan, Turkey, Mexico, Malaysia, the UK and Canada
~ Lee et al - studied children from China and Canada

~ Both involved giving children scenarios
~ Kohlberg - Gave boys moral dilemmas every 3 years (e.g. the Heinz dilemma)
~ Lee et al - Gave children 4 stories (social or physical)

Question 38

What are the differences between Kohlberg’s and Lee et Al’s study?

Answer 38

~ Longitudinal vs Snapshot
~ Kohlberg - study was conducted over 12 years so boys started age 10-16 and finished age 22-28
~ Lee et al - studied different children in different age groups (7, 9 and 11)

~ The gender mix of participants:
~ Kohlberg - studied 75 boys from the USA
~ Lee et al - studied 118 boys and 110 girls from China and Canada