Milestones

Question 1

primary position of newborn

Answer 1

physiological flexion, weight on chest and arms

Question 2

newborn prone

Answer 2

everything flexed, no head control

Question 3

newborn sitting

Answer 3

no trunk control, bobs head

Question 4

newborn standing

Answer 4

reflexive wt. bearing and stepping

Question 5

3 mo. old prone

Answer 5

lifts head to 90 degrees, can be propped up on elbows

Question 6

3 mo. old supine

Answer 6

brings hands to midline/ to mouth, visually attend

Question 7

3 mo. old sitting

Answer 7

keeps head upright, no trunk control

Question 8

3 mo. old standing

Answer 8

does not bear any wt. on legs, stepping reflex gone

Question 9

6 mo. old sitting

Answer 9

has trunk control, sits unassisted for a few seconds, can’t play with toy here yet, can’t get into/out of sitting

Question 10

6 mo. old prone

Answer 10

pushes up onto hands

Question 11

6 mo. old quadruped

Answer 11

shifts wt. from hands to knees but not creeping or crawling yet

Question 12

6 mo. old supine

Answer 12

can bring LEs up and grabs with hands

Question 13

6 mo. old standing

Answer 13

will bear wt. on LEs with hands held

Question 14

9 mo. old sitting

Answer 14

well controlled, moves into and out of sitting easily

Question 15

9 mo. old standing

Answer 15

pulls up at furniture, cruising, stands independently, steps well with hands held

Question 16

at what age does a child begin to cruise

Answer 16

9 mo.

Question 17

at what age does a child sit independently

Answer 17

6 mo. for a few secs, 9 mo. well controlled

Question 18

at what age can a child get into/out of sitting independently

Answer 18

9 mo.

Question 19

at what age can a child first stand independently

Answer 19

9 mo.

Question 20

At what age does a child begin to try to squat

Answer 20

1 year

Question 21

at what age does a child become actively mobile to explore their world?

Answer 21

9 mo.

Question 22

at what age do most children take their first steps independently

Answer 22

1 year

Question 23

at this age, a child can walk a little but they prefer crawling for faster/more efficient means of transportation

Answer 23

1 year

Question 24

motor development occurs in which directions?

Answer 24

cephalocaudal or “head to toe” and proximodistal

Question 25

motor development relies heavily on strengthening of which mm groups?

Answer 25

extensors

Question 26

what is proximodistal development?

Answer 26

proximal stability before distal mobility- child must be able to sit stably and hold head up before they can reach

Question 27

What are the 8 subsystems of infant locomotion?

Answer 27

1) pattern generations leading to reciprocal LE motion
2) flexor and extensor mm strength
3) extensors strong enough to overcome gravity
4) changes in body size and composition
5) trunk control for upright posture
6) decoupling of previous synchronizations to move joints independently
7) visual flow to interpret passing environment
8) ability to identify a task and motivation to move towards a goal

Question 28

when should a child creep up and down stairs?

Answer 28

8-15 mo.

Question 29

when should a child walk up and down stairs with hands held?

Answer 29

15-18 mo.

Question 30

when should a child be able to throw a ball forward?

Answer 30

15-18 mo.

Question 31

when should a child first be able to “run” although its very stiff

Answer 31

20 mo.

Question 32

when should a child be able to walk up and down stairs w/o support in a marked time fashion

Answer 32

2.5 yrs.

Question 33

when should a child be able to kick a ball fwd

Answer 33

2.5 years

Question 34

when should a child be able to run well

Answer 34

3 yrs

Question 35

when should a child be able to walk up stairs with alternating fashion

Answer 35

3 yrs.

Question 36

when should a child be able to catch a ball with arms and body

Answer 36

3 yrs.

Question 37

when should a child be able to walk down stairs with alternating feet?

Answer 37

3.5 yrs.

Question 38

when should a child be able to jump up with both feet?

Answer 38

3.5 yrs

Question 39

when should a child be able to hop on one foot?

Answer 39

3.5 years

Question 40

when should a child be able to gallop?

Answer 40

4 yrs.

Question 41

when should a child be able to skip?

Answer 41

5-6 yrs.

Question 42

what are some gross motor red flags?

rolling, creeping, walking

Answer 42

> rolls using extension after 6 months
bunny hops with both feet instead of creeping
walks on toes with legs adducted

Question 43

other gross motor red flags

Answer 43

floppy
athetoid movement
persistence of reflexes
spastic
rigid
inability to achieve midline of head or extremities 
unilateral movements
lacking LE movement