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Blood and Heart > MileDown's MCAT Anki Deck > Flashcards

MileDown's MCAT Anki Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Text

A

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2
Q

<img></img><div><br></br><div><div>In element notation, A is the{{c1::Mass number}}</div></div></div>

A

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

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3
Q

<img></img><div><br></br><div><div><div>In element notation,Z is the {{c1::atomic number}}</div></div></div></div>

A

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

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4
Q

{{c1::Atomic weight}} is the <b>weighted average</b> of the masses of an element’s <b>isotopes</b>

A

<div>Each mass is multiplied by the isotope's natural abundance</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

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5
Q

The {{c1::Rutherford Model::… Model}} states thatan atom is mostly empty space, with <i>electrons orbiting</i> a fixed, positively charged nucleus

A

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

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6
Q

According to the {{c1::Bohr Model::… Model}}, electrons orbit the nucleus in <u>orbits</u> that have a set size and energy

A

<div><div><div><img></img></div></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

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7
Q

<div>The {{c1::HeisenbergUncertainty Principle::... Principle}} states that it is <u>impossible</u> to know the momentum andposition of an electron <u>simultaneously</u></div>

A

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

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8
Q

{{c1::Hund’s Rule}} states that all orbitals must <i>first have one electron</i> before any orbital can obtain a second electron

A

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

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9
Q

The {{c1::Pauli Exclusion Principle::… Principle}} states that no two electrons can share the<u> same four</u> <u>identical</u> <u>quantum numbers</u>

A

<div>That means, for paired electrons, one must be +1/2 spin and the other -1/2 spin</div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

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10
Q

Avogadro’s Number ={{c1::6.022 × 1023= 1 mol}}

A

<img></img><div><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

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11
Q

Planck’s Constant (h) ={{c1::6.626 × 10-34J•s}}

A

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

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12
Q

Speed of Light (c) ={{c1::3.0 × 108m/s}}

A

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

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13
Q

Give the equation for <u>energy of a photon</u>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

A

<div>E = energy of a photon</div>

h =Planck’s Constant<div>c = speed of light</div><div>λ = wavelength</div><div>f = photon frequency</div><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

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14
Q

<i>Diamagnetic</i> materials are{{c1::repelled}}by an external magnetic field

A

<div>All electrons are <i>paired</i> and have opposing spins↑↓</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

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15
Q

<u>Paramagnetic</u> materials are{{c1::pulledinto}}an external magnetic field

A

<div>Contain one or more <u>unpaired</u> electrons with spin↑<span> </span></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

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16
Q

He is {{c1::diamagnetic::diamagnetic or paramagnetic}}

A

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

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17
Q

Li is {{c1::paramagnetic::diamagnetic or paramagnetic}}

A

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

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18
Q

Quantum number{{c1::n}} is the <i>principal</i> quantum number and gives the electron {{c1::<i>energy level</i> or<i>shell number</i>}}

A

<div><div><div>1, 2, 3, ...</div><div><br></br></div><div>Except for d- and f-orbitals,the shell # matches the row ofthe periodic table</div></div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

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19
Q

Quantum number {{c1::l}} is the <i>azimuthal</i> quantum number and gives the {{c1::<i>3D shape</i>(subshell)}}of an orbital

A

<div><div>0, 1, 2, …, n-1</div><div><br></br></div><div>0 = s orbital</div><div><div>1 = p orbital</div><div>2 = d orbital</div><div>3 = f orbital</div><div>4 = g orbital</div></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

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20
Q

Quantum number{{c1::ml}}is the <b>magnetic</b> quantum number and gives the orbital {{c1::sub-type}}

A

<div>Integers-lto+l</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>The orientation of the electron's orbital with respect to the three axes in space, x, y, and z.</div>

<div><div><br></br></div></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

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21
Q

Quantum number{{c1::ms}}is the <u>spin</u> quantum number and gives the {{c1::electronic spin}}of the electron

A

<div>+1/2 or -1/2</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

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22
Q

The maximum number of electrons in a single <i>energy level</i> in terms of <i>principal </i>quantum number ={{c1::2n2}}

A

Example: What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the second energy level?<div><br></br></div><div>2n2 =2(22) = 8 electrons</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a>

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23
Q

The maximum number of electronsin a single <i>subshell</i> in terms of the<i>azimuthal</i>quantum number ={{c1::4l+ 2}}

A

The number of orbitals in a <i>subshell</i> = 2l + 1<div><br></br></div><div>With a maximum of 2 electrons per orbital, the maximum number of electrons per <i>subshell</i> = 2(2l + 1) = 4l + 2</div><div><br></br></div><div>Example: For the d <i>subshell</i>, we know the mathematical value for d is l = 2</div><div><br></br></div><div>4l + 2 = 4(2) + 2 = 10 electrons at maximum in the d <i>subshell</i></div>

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24
Q

A/an {{c1::free radical}} is an atom or molecule with an <i>unpaired electron</i>

A

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

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25

The Azimuthal quantum number for this orbital is {{c1::0 = s orbital}}
26


The Azimuthal quantum number for this orbital is {{c1::1 = p orbital}}
27


The Azimuthal quantum number for this orbital is {{c1::2 = d orbital}}
 
28


The Azimuthal quantum number for this orbital is {{c1::3 = f orbital}}
29

Give the principal and azimuthal quantum number labels for the periodic table

{{c1::}}
Principal (n) quantum number = 1, 2, 3, ...
Azimuthal (l) quantum number =  0, 1, 2, …, n-1

30
The {{c1::Aufbau Principle::... Principle}} states that electrons will fill the lower energy levels before moving to higher energy orbitals
31

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as {{c1::alkali metals}}
32

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as {{c1::alkaline earth metals}}

33

The elements in the groups labeled with ? are known as {{c1::transition metals}}
34

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as {{c1::post-transition metals}}

35

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as {{c1::metalloids}}
36

The elements in the groups labeled with ? are known as {{c1::non-metals}}

37

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as {{c1::halogens}}

38

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as {{c1::noble gases}}

39

The elements in the groups labeled with ? are known as {{c1::rare earth metals}}
Lanthanides and Actinides
40
{{c1::Zeff}} is the attractive positive charge of nuclear protons acting on valence electrons
Zeff is always less than the total number of protons present in a nucleus due to the shielding effect from other electrons in the atom


YouTube Link
41
What is the periodic trend for effective nuclear charge?

{{c1::}}
YouTube Link
42
{{c1::Ionization energy}} is the amount of energy required to remove an electron
43
What is the periodic trend for ionization energy?

{{c1::}}
44
{{c1::Electron affinity}} is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to the atom

45
What is the periodic trend for electron affinity?

{{c1::}}
46
{{c1::Electronegativity}} is a measure of how strongly atoms attract electrons
47
What is the periodic trend for electronegativity?

{{c1::}}
48
What is the periodic trend for atomic size?

{{c1::}}
49
Give the approximate electronegativity values of H, C, N, O, and F

{{c1::}}
50
A/an {{c1::covalent}} bond is the sharing of electrons between two elements

Khan Academy Link
51
{{c1::Coordinate covalent}} bonds are when a single atom provides both bonding electrons
Most often found in Lewis acid-base chemistry


YouTube Link
52
{{c1::Ionic}} bonds are formed by the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms
Usually formed between an element with a low ionization energy and an element with a high electron affinity


Khan Academy Link
53
{{c1::Bond order}} refers to the number of bonds between two atoms (single, double, or triple bond)

YouTube Link
54
The greater the number of bonds (bond order) the {{c1::higher::higher or lower}} the bond strength and the {{c1::shorter::longer or shorter}} the bond
55
Non-polar bonds have a △EN that is {{c1::less than 0.5}}
56
Polar bonds have a △EN that is between {{c1::0.5}} and {{c1::1.7}}
57
Cations are ions with a {{c1::positive}} charge

Khan Academy Link
58
Anions are ions with a {{c1::negative}} charge

Khan Academy Link
59
{{c1::Crystalline lattices}} are large, organized arrays of ions
Example: solid carbon


YouTube Link
60
Hydrogen bonds are most often formed between hydrogen and the following elements: {{c1::O, N and F}}
O-H, N-H, F-H


61
Van der Waals Forces is a general term that includes {{c1::dipole-dipole}} forces and {{c1::London dispersion}} forces

62
{{c1::Dipole-dipole}} forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule

63
{{c1::London dispersion}} forces are temporary attractive forces created when a temporary dipole induces a dipole in a neighboring molecule
The weakest intermolecular force


64
Place in order of strength:

hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and London dispersion forces

{{c1::}}
65
{{c1::Sigma}} bonds are formed by head-on overlapping between atomic orbitals
66
{{c1::Pi}} bonds are formed by lateral (side-by-side) overlap of atomic orbitals
The 2nd and 3rd bonds in double and triple bonds are pi bonds


Khan Academy Link
67
{{c1::Formal charge}} is the charge given to an individual element within a molecule

Khan Academy Link
68
Give the formula for formal charge

Formal Charge = {{c1::valence electrons − dots − sticks}}
"Dots" are nonbonding electrons 
"Sticks" are pairs of bonding electrons

69


O is the hydrogen bond {{c1::acceptor::acceptor or donor}}

N is the hydrogen bond {{c1::donor::acceptor or donor}}
The acceptor must possess a lone electron pair
The donor is usually strongly electronegative 


70
The bond angle of an sp hybridized atom is {{c1::180°}}
71
The bond angle of an sp2 hybridized atom is {{c1::120°}}

72
The bond angle of an sp3 hybridized atom is {{c1::109.5°}}

73
Bond angles of an sp3d hybridized atom are {{c1::90°}} and {{c1::120°}}

74
The bond angle of an sp3d2 hybridized atom is {{c1::90°}}
75
An H2O molecule is a bent because {{c1::the lone pair of electrons repulse each other and push the H atoms away}}

76
An {{c1::empirical}} formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms
77
The {{c1::molecular}} formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element
It is a multiple of the empirical formula


Khan Academy Link
78
The nucleoid region is found in {{c1::prokaryotes::eukaryotes or prokaryotes}} and contains {{c1::DNA}}

Khan Academy Link
79
The nucleolus makes {{c1::ribosomes}}

Khan Academy Link
80
Peroxisomes {{c1::break down}} material

Khan Academy Link
81
The {{c1::rough::smooth or rough}} ER makes proteins from mRNA

Khan Academy Link
82
The {{c1::smooth::smooth or rough}} ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation

Khan Academy Link
83
The {{c1::Golgi Apparatus::organelle}} modifies and distributes proteins
Eukaryotes only
84
In the Vesicular Transport Model, the cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi cisternae are {{c1::static}} structures
The contents are physically shuttled from each cisterna to the next
85
In the Cisternal Maturation Model, cisternae {{c1::evolve and mature}}
The cis-Golgi matures and becomes the medial-Golgi, then eventually, the trans-Golgi

Vesicles move in retrograde motion


86
{{c1::Lysosomes}} are the demolition and recycling center
Made by Golgi


Khan Academy Link
87
Centrioles contain 9 groups of {{c1::microtubules}} and they pull {{c1::chromosomes}} apart

Khan Academy Link
88
A/an {{c1::plasmid}} is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separate from chromosomal DNA
Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance
89
Microfilaments make up part of the cell's {{c1::cytoskeleton}}
Polymers of actin


Khan Academy Link
90
Microtubules help the cell {{c1::resist}} compression forces
Made of tubulin proteins


Khan Academy Link
91

This is an example of {{c1::simple squamous}} epithelial tissue
Khan Academy Link
92

This is an example of {{c1::simple cuboidal}} epithelial tissue
93

This is an example of {{c1::simple columnar}} epithelial tissue
94

This is an example of {{c1::pseudostratified columnar}} epithelial tissue
95

This is an example of {{c1::stratified squamous}} epithelial tissue
96

This is an example of {{c1::stratified cuboidal}} epithelial tissue
97

This is an example of {{c1::stratified columnar}} epithelial tissue
98

This is an example of {{c1::transitional}} epithelial tissue
99
Bone, cartilage, tendon, and blood are examples of {{c1::connective}} tissue
100
Epithelial tissue covers {{c1::internal}} and {{c1::external}} surfaces of the body

101

This is an example of {{c1::bacilli (rod)::shape}} bacteria
YouTube Link
102

This is an example of {{c1::cocci (sphere)::shape}} bacteria
103

This is an example of {{c1::spirilla (spiral)::shape}} bacteria
104
{{c1::Obligate aerobes::type of microorganism}} require O2

105
{{c1::Obligate anaerobes::type of microorganism}} die in O2

106
{{c1::Facultative anaerobes::type of microorganism}} toggle between aerobic and anaerobic

YouTube Link
107
{{c1::Aerotolerant anaerobes::type of microorganism}} do not use O2 but tolerate it

108
Gram + is {{c1::purple::color}} and has a {{c1::thick::thick or thin}} wall
Wall is made of peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid


Khan Academy Link
109
Gram - is {{c1::pink / red::color}} and has a {{c1::thin::thick or thin}} wall
Wall is made of peptidoglycan


110
{{c1::Transformation}} is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment 
Griffith experiment with mice (R strain safe, S strain deadly)

111
Conjugation is the transfer genetic info via a/an {{c1::conjugation bridge}}

112
{{c1::Transduction}} is the transfer genetic material using a bacteriophage

YouTube Link
113
{{c1::Transposons}} are DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome
This sometimes creates or reverses mutations


114
In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the {{c1::inner mitochondrial membrane::cellular component}}

115
In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the {{c1::cell membrane::cellular component}}
116
Eukaryotic cells reproduce via {{c1::mitosis}}

117
Prokaryotic cells reproduce via {{c1::binary fission}}

Khan Academy Link
118
{{c1::Prions}} are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding
Causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
119
{{c1::Viroids}} are plant pathogens 

120
{{c1::Bacteriophages}} are bacteria viruses that use a tail sheath to inject DNA / RNA

121
A/an {{c1::capsid}} is the protein shell of a virus

Khan Academy Link
122
{{c1::Virions}} are individual virus particles that are found extracellular
123
{{c1::Viral}} genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded
124
A {{c1::positive::positive or negative}} sense RNA strand is itself an mRNA and can be transcribed directly into DNA

YouTube Link
125
Retroviruses are single stranded {{c1::RNA}}
Reverse transcriptase is needed to make DNA


Khan Academy Link
126
In a {{c1::lytic}} bacteriophage life cycle, virions are made until the cell lyses
Viruses enter cells and use the cell to make copies of themselves, often destroying the cell in the process


Khan Academy Link
127
During the {{c1::G1 phase::cell cycle phase}}, cells synthesize mRNA and proteins
This is to prepare for subsequent steps leading to mitosis

G1 stands for "Gap 1"


Khan Academy Link
128
A cell will enter {{c1::G0 phase::cell cycle phase}} if it does not need to divide

129
At the {{c1::G1}} checkpoint, cells choose whether or not to divide
P53 is in charge


Khan Academy Link
130
DNA is replicated in the {{c1::S phase::cell cycle phase}}
S = synthesis phase


131
In the {{c1::G2 phase::cell cycle phase}}, cells grow and make organelles

132
At the {{c1::G2}} checkpoint, the cell will check that the DNA has replicated correctly

133
Mitosis and cytokinesis occur in the {{c1::M phase::cell cycle phase}}

134
The four phases of Mitosis:

{{c1::Prophase}}
{{c1::Metaphase}}
{{c1::Anaphase}}
{{c1::Telophase}}
Acronym: PMAT

Note: Interphase precedes mitosis, it is not part of mitosis

135
Interphase includes {{c1::G1, S, and G2 phases::cell cycle phases}}
Phase where the cell spends most of its life


Khan Academy Link
136
In {{c1::prophase::mitosis phase}}, the DNA condenses, centrioles migrate to opposite poles, and microtubules form

YouTube Link
137
In {{c1::metaphase::mitosis phase}}, chromosomes meet in middle of the cell
Metaphase = "meet in middle" at the metaphase plate

138
In {{c1::anaphase::mitosis phase}}, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Anaphase = "Apart"

139
In {{c1::telophase::mitosis phase}}, chromosomes decondense, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs

140
The number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the {{c1::ploidy}} of a cell

Khan Academy
141
The phases of meiosis:

{{c1::Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II}}
PMAT x 2


YouTube Link
142
{{c1::Nondisjunction}} is when sister chromatids don’t separate properly during anaphase
Results in aneuploidy




Khan Academy Link
143
{{c1::Crossing over}} is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair exchange segments with each other
144
Crossing over occurs in {{c1::prophase I::meiosis phase}}
145
{{c1::The law of segregation}} states that two alleles of each gene become separated and only one allele from each parent will be passed to the offspring
146
The law of segregation occurs in {{c1::anaphase I::meiosis phase}}
147
Female chromosome pairs are {{c1::XX::XX or XY}} 

Khan Academy Link
148
Male chromosome pairs are {{c1::XY::XX or XY}} 

Khan Academy Link
149
{{c1::X-linked recessive inheritance}} refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome

150
In males with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation {{c1::will::will or will not}} be expressed 
This is because males only have one X chromosome


Khan Academy Link
151
In females with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation {{c1::will not::will or will not}} be expressed 
Females have two X chromosomes, so the mutation is carried but not expressed. The normal X chromosome will be expressed because this is a recessive trait


Khan Academy Link
152
The {{c1::SRY gene::gene}} is responsible for initiation of male sex determination and codes for testicles
"Sorry you're a male"
153
Semen is a combination of {{c1::sperm}} and {{c1::seminal fluid}}
154
The {{c1::bulbourethral gland}} makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra 

Khan Academy Link
155
{{c1::Seminal vesicles}} and the {{c1::prostate gland}} make alkaline fluid to help sperm survive the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

156
Pathway of sperm during ejaculation:

{{c1::
SEVE(N) UP mnemonic
}}

157
The {{c1::ovaries}} have follicles that produce ova

158
{{c1::Oogenesis}} is the production of female gametes 

159
{{c1::Estrogen::Hormone}} develops the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall
“Estrogen establishes and progesterone protects the endometrium”

Estrogen responds to FSH


Khan Academy Link
160
{{c1::Progesterone}} maintains and protects the endometrium
“Estrogen establishes and progesterone protects the endometrium”

Progesterone responds to LH


YouTube Link
161
Female egg pathway:

{{c1::}}
Note: If unfertilized, the egg will leave through the cervix and vagina, otherwise it implants into the uterus as an embryo

162
{{c1::Luteinizing Hormone (LH)}} induces ovulation in females and, in males, it initiates the production of testosterone
163
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release {{c1::FSH}} and {{c1::LH}}
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
164
Fertilization occurs in the {{c1::fallopian tube}}

Khan Academy Link
165
A/an {{c1::morula}} is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum

Khan Academy Link
166
A/an {{c1::blastula}} is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres that implants in the endometrial lining

167
{{c1::Ectoderm::Germ layer}} develops into the nervous system, skin, hair, nails, mouth, and anus
“Atract-oderm”: Skin and hair are things people are attracted to



Khan Academy Link
168
{{c1::Mesoderm::Germ layer}} develops into muscoskeleton, circulatory system, gonads, and adrenal cortex
“Move-oderm”: Involved in moving things such as muscles, RBC, steroids
169
{{c1::Endoderm::Germ layer}} develops into the GI tract, respiratory tract, endocrine glands, bronchi, bladder, and stomach
“In-doderm”: Things that are inside
170
The CNS and PNS derive from the {{c1::ectoderm::germ layer}}


171
{{c1::Totipotent}} stem cells have the potential to develop into any cell found in the human body

Khan Academy Link
172
{{c1::Pluripotent}} stem cells can be any cell except those found in placental structures
173
{{c1::Multipotent}} stem cells can develop into multiple specialized cell types
Most adult stem cells are multipotent stem cells

174
Fetal hemoglobin has a {{c1::greater::greater or lesser}} affinity for O2 than adult hemoglobin

175
Blood in the umbilical artery is {{c1::deoxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated}}

Khan Academy Link
176
Blood in the umbilical vein is {{c1::oxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated}}

177
Fraternal twins are {{c1::dizygotic}}
178
Identical twins are {{c1::monozygotic}}
179
{{c1::Cell determination}} is when a cell commits to becoming a certain type of cell 
180
{{c1::Cell differentiation}} is when a cell acquires the structures and functions of a specialized cell

181
{{c1::Induction}} is when a group of cells influence the fate of nearby cells
Mediated by inducers, which are commonly growth factors


182
{{c1::Autocrine signaling}} is when the cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to a receptor on itself

Khan Academy Link
183
{{c1::Paracrine}} signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells

Khan Academy Link
184
{{c1::Juxtacrine}} signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is directly adjacent or attached

185
{{c1::Endocrine}} signaling releases signals into the bloodstream, which carries them to target cells in distant parts of the body

186
A/an {{c1::shunt}} is a hole or a small passage which allows fluid to move from one part of the body to another
Example: Shunt vessels connect an artery directly to a vein so the blood skips the capillaries

187
{{c1::Patent Foramen Ovule}} is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs
In the wall between the left and right atria of a fetus


Khan Academy Link
188
The {{c1::Patent ductus arteriosus}} is a shunt that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's non-functioning lungs
It connects the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta in a fetus


189

This amino acid is {{c1::Glycine}}
Gly, G
Hydrophobic

The only amino acid that is not chiral

Khan Academy Link
190

This amino acid is {{c1::Alanine}}
Ala, A
Hydrophobic

191

This amino acid is {{c1::Valine}}
Val, V
Hydrophobic

192

This amino acid is {{c1::Leucine}}
Leu, L
Hydrophobic

193

This amino acid is {{c1::Isoleucine}}
Ile, I
Hydrophobic

194
This amino acid is {{c1::Methionine}}
Met, M
Hydrophobic

Contains a thioether group

195

This amino acid is {{c1::Proline}}
Pro, P
Hydrophobic

Typically found in β-pleated sheets at the turns

"Kinky"

196

This amino acid is {{c1::Phenylalanine}}
Phe, F
Hydrophobic

Aromatic, can absorb UV light

197

This amino acid is {{c1::Tryptophan}}
Trp, W
Hydrophobic

Aromatic
Contains the indole group
Emits fluorescent light

198

This amino acid is {{c1::Serine}}
Ser, S
Polar Neutral

199

This amino acid is {{c1::Threonine}}
Thr, T
Polar Neutral

200

This amino acid is {{c1::Tyrosine}}
Tyr, Y
Polar Neutral

Aromatic

Tyrosine is the precursor to catecholamines


201

This amino acid is {{c1::Cysteine}}
Cys, C
Polar Neutral

202

This amino acid is {{c1::Asparagine}}
Asn, N
Polar Neutral

203

This amino acid is {{c1::Glutamine}}
Gln, Q
Polar Neutral

204

This amino acid is {{c1::Lysine}}
Lys, K
Positively Charged
Hydrophilic
Basic

205

This amino acid is {{c1::Arginine}}
Arg, R
Positively Charged
Hydrophilic
Basic

Contains the guanidinium group

206

This amino acid is {{c1::Histidine}}
His, H
Positively Charged
Hydrophilic
Basic

Contains the imidazole group

207

This amino acid is {{c1::Aspartate}}
Asp, D
Negatively Charged
Acidic

Related to Asparagine

208

This amino acid is {{c1::Glutamate}}
Glu, E
Negatively Charged
Acidic

209

This is the {{c1::indole}} group
Found in Tryptophan

210

This is the {{c1::imidazole}} group
Found in Histidine

211

This is the {{c1::guanidinium}} group
Found in Arginine

212
Amino acids are simple organic compounds containing both a/an {{c1::carboxyl (—COOH)}} group and a/an {{c1::amino (—NH2)}} group

213
{{c1::Glycine}} is the only amino acid that is not chiral

214
The stereochemistry of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic amino acids (except glycine) is {{c1::L}} 
215
All chiral amino acids except cysteine have {{c1::(S)}} configuration

216
L and D indicate {{c1::relative}} configuration

S and R indicate {{c1::absolute}} configuration

217
Amphoteric molecules can act as either a/an {{c1::base}} or a/an {{c1::acid}}


218
The pH at which half of the species is deprotonated is called the {{c1::pKa}}
[HA] = [A-]


219
A low pH will cause amino acids to be {{c1::full protonated}}

220
{{c1::Isoelectric point}} is the pH at which an amino acid is in zwitterion form
The charges cancel out to make a neutral molecule


Khan Academy Link
221
A/an {{c1::zwitterion}} is when all charges cancel out, so the molecule is neutral

222
The isoelectric point formula when there is no side chain is:

{{c1::}}

223
The isoelectric point formula when there is a neutral side chain is:

{{c1::}}

224
The isoelectric point formula when there is a basic side chain is:

{{c1::}}

225
The isoelectric point formula when there is an acidic side chain is:

{{c1::}}

226
At the midpoint of a titration, the pH = {{c1::pKa}}

227
At the equivalence point of a titration, pH = {{c1::pI}}

228
The {{c1::1°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of proteins is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide
Stabilized by peptide bonds



229
The {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of proteins is the local folding of neighboring amino acids including α-helices and β-pleated sheets
Stabilized by hydrogen bonding


230
The {{c1::3°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of proteins is the 3-D shape of a single polypeptide chain
Stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, acid-base interactions, hydrogen-bonds, and disulfide bonds


231
The {{c1::4°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of proteins is the interaction between peptides in proteins that contain multiple subunits

The 4° structure of hemoglobin:

232
{{c1::α-helices}} are clockwise coils around a central axis and are a common {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} protein structure

233
{{c1::β-pleated sheets}} are rippled strands that can be parallel or antiparallel and are a common {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} protein structure
Proline is typically found at the turns in β-pleated sheets

234
{{c1::Proline::Amino acid}} has a rigid cyclic structure and can interrupt 2° protein structure
Proline is "kinky"


235
{{c1::Denaturation}} is when a protein (or nucleic acid) loses its 4°, 3°, and 2° structures due to breaking non-covalent interactions 

236
The {{c1::hydrophobic effect}} pushes hydrophobic R groups to the interior of a protein, which {{c1::increases::increases or decreases}} entropy of the surrounding water molecules
When multiple hydrophobic molecules are in water, the molecules group together spontaneously

The combined molecules have less surface area touching water so fewer water molecules are needed to interact with the hydrophobic surface

This means more water molecules can roam freely which is an increase in entropy


237
{{c1::Disulfide bonds}} occur when two cysteine molecules are oxidized and create a covalent bond between their thiol groups
This forms cystine


Khan Academy Link
238
{{c1::Conjugated proteins}} are complex proteins, such as hemoglobin, consisting of amino acids combined with other substances

239
A/an {{c1::prosthetic group}} is the attached molecule in a conjugated protein and can be a metal ion, vitamin, lipid, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid

240

Peptide bonds link the {{c1::α-carboxyl group::... group}} of one amino acid to the {{c1::α-amino group::... group}} of the next amino acid

241
{{c1::Enzymes}} are reusable catalysts that are unchanged by the reactions they catalyze
Catalyze both the forward and reverse reactions



242
Exergonic reactions {{c1::release::require or release}} energy
-∆G 


243
Endergonic reactions {{c1::require::require or release}} energy
+∆G

244
A/an {{c1::oxidoreductase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes REDOX reactions that involve the transfer of electrons

245
A/an {{c1::transferase::type of enzyme}} moves a functional group from one molecule to another

246
A/an {{c1::hydrolase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes cleavage with the addition of H2O

247
A/an {{c1::lyase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes cleavage without the addition of H2O and without the transfer of electrons

248
A/an {{c1::isomerase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes the interconversion of isomers

249
A/an {{c1::ligase::type of enzyme}} joins two large biomolecules, often of the same type

250
A/an {{c1::lipase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats

251
A/an {{c1::kinase::type of enzyme}} adds a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate


252
A/an {{c1::phosphatase::type of enzyme}} removes a phosphate group

253
A/an {{c1::phosphorylase::type of enzyme}} adds a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate like HPO4 to a substrate

254
A Michaelis-Menten curve is {{c1::hyperbolic::shape}}

255
{{c1::Km}} is the substrate concentration that gives you a reaction rate that is halfway to Vmax

256
{{c1::Vmax}} is the maximum rate at which an enzyme can catalyze a reaction
This is when all enzyme active sites are saturated with substrate

257
The Michaelis–Menten equation is:

{{c1::}}
258
Cooperative enzymes display a {{c1::sigmoidal::shape}} curve
Sigmoidal because of the change in activity following initial substrate binding


259
{{c1::Cooperative binding}} is when the binding of the first molecule of B to A changes the binding affinity of the second B molecule, making it more or less likely to bind
Results in a sigmoidal curve

260
The {{c1::active site::part of enzyme}} is the site of catalysis

261
The {{c1::lock and key theory::... theory}} states that the enzyme and substrate are exactly complementary and fit together like a key into a lock

262
The {{c1::induced fit theory::... theory}} states that the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes in order to interact fully

263
A/an {{c1::cofactor}} is a metal cation that is required by some enzymes

264
A/an {{c1::cofactor or coenzyme}} is an organic molecule that is required by some enzymes

265
{{c1::Feedback inhibition::... inhibition}} of an enzyme is when an enzyme is inhibited by high levels of a product from later in the same pathway

266
A/an {{c1::competitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} binds at the active site and thus prevents the substrate from binding 
Can be overcome by adding more substrate


267
A/an {{c1::uncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} binds only with the enzyme-substrate complex

268
A/an {{c1::noncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} binds at the allosteric site, away from the active site
It does not prevent the substrate from binding to the active site


269
In competitive inhibition:

Vmax: {{c1::has no change}}
Km: {{c1::goes up}}

270
In uncompetitive inhibition:

Vmax: {{c1::goes down}}
Km: {{c1::goes down}}

271
In noncompetitive inhibition:

Vmax: {{c1::goes down}}
Km: {{c1::has no change}}

272

Lineweaver-Burk Plot: 

X-intercept = {{c1::-1/Km}}
Y-intercept = {{c1::1/Vmax}}
Ratio indicated by the slope = {{c1::Km/Vmax}}

273

This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::competitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}}

274

This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::uncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}}

275

This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::noncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}}

276
Lineweaver-Burk plots are described as double reciprocal plots because the X-intercept is {{c1::-1/Km}} and the Y-intercept is {{c1::1/Vmax}}; both of them reciprocals
 
277
An irreversible inhibitor is any inhibitor that {{c1::covalently binds}} to the active site of some enzyme, thus eliminating its activity

278
{{c1::Suicide inhibition::... inhibition}} is an irreversible form of enzyme inhibition that occurs when an enzyme binds a substrate analog and forms an irreversible complex

279
A/an {{c1::allosteric effector::... effector}} binds at the allosteric site and induces a change in the conformation of the enzyme so the substrate can no longer bind to the active site
Positive Effectors: Activity goes up
Negative Effectors: Activity goes down


280
A/an {{c1::homotropic effector::... effector}} is an allosteric regulator that is also the substrate
Example: O2 is a homotropic allosteric regulator of hemoglobin


281
A/an {{c1::heterotropic effector::... effector}} is an allosteric regulator molecule that is different from the substrate

282
{{c1::Phosphorylation}} is the chemical addition of a phosphoryl group (PO3-) to an organic molecule

283
{{c1::Glycosylation}} is the chemical addition of a carbohydrate

284
{{c1::Zymogens}} are precursors to an enzyme

285
The Michaelis-Menten reaction scheme is:

{{c1::}}
E = enzyme

S = substrate

ES = enzyme-substrate complex

K1 = the binding of the enzyme to the substrate forming the enzyme substrate complex

K2 = the catalytic rate; the catalysis reaction producing the final reaction product and regenerating the free enzyme. This is the rate limiting step.

YouTube Link
286
{{c1::Structural proteins::.. proteins}} compose the cytoskeleton, anchoring proteins, and much of the extracellular matrix
The most common structural proteins are: 

Collagen
Elastin
Keratin
Actin
Tubulin



YouTube Link
287
{{c1::Motor proteins::... proteins}} convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP
Common applications include:

Muscle contraction
Vesicle movement
Cell motility

Examples include: 

Myosin
Kinesin
Dynein


Khan Academy Link
288
A/an {{c1::binding protein::... protein}} is any protein that acts as an agent to bind two or more molecules together
Examples include: 

DNA-binding protein
Single-strand binding protein
Telomere-binding protein


289
{{c1::Cell Adhesion Molecules}} allow cells to bind to other cells or surfaces

290
{{c1::Cadherins::Type of proteins}} are calcium dependent glycoproteins that hold similar cells together

291
{{c1::Integrins::Type of proteins}} have two membrane-spanning chains and permit cells to adhere to proteins in the extracellular matrix
292
{{c1::Selectins::Type of proteins}} allow cells to adhere to carbohydrates on the surfaces of other cells and are most commonly used in the immune system
293
{{c1::Antibodies}} are used by the immune system to target a specific antigen, which may be a protein on the surface of a pathogen or a toxin
Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins


294
{{c1::Ion channels}} are protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other
Examples of ion channels include:

Ungated channels (always open)
mechanically-gated channels
voltage-gated channels
ligand-gated channels


YouTube Link
295
Ungated ion channels are {{c1::always::sometimes or always}} open

296
{{c1::Voltage-gated channels::... channels}} open within a range of membrane potentials

297
{{c1::Ligand-gated channels::... channels}} open in the presence of a specific binding substance, usually a hormone or neurotransmitter

298
Enzyme-linked receptors participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand binding and initiation of {{c1::2nd messenger cascades}}

299
{{c1::G protein-coupled receptors}} detect molecules outside the cell then activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses
The 1st messenger ligand initiates the 2nd messenger and the cascade response


300

The 1st messenger in the above example of a G-protein coupled receptor is {{c1::epinephrine}}
301
{{c1::Vectors}} are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction
Examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force



302
{{c1::Scalars}} are quantities that have only a magnitude

303
For vector addition, use the {{c1::tip-to-tail}} method, or you can break the vector into its component parts and use the {{c1::Pythagorean Theorem}}
Tip-to-Tip Method:

Pythagorean Theorem Method:

304
For vector subtraction, you must change the {{c1::direction}} of the subtracted vector and then do a tip-to-tail addition
Tip-to-Tip Method:

Khan Academy Link
305
Free body diagrams are representations of the {{c1::forces}} acting on an object

306
{{c1::Translational equilibrium::... equilibrium}} occurs in the absence of any net forces acting on an object

307
{{c1::Rotational equilibrium::... equilibrium}} occurs in the absence of any net torques acting on an object

308
Displacement is path {{c1::independent::dependent or independent}}

309
Distance is path {{c1::dependent::dependent or independent}}

310
Velocity is a {{c1::vector::vector or scalar}} and includes both {{c1::magnitude}} and {{c1::direction}}

311
Speed is a {{c1::vector::vector or scalar}} and includes only the {{c1::magnitude of the rate of change}}
312
A/an {{c1::force}} is any push or pull that has the potential to result in an acceleration

313
{{c1::Gravity}} is the attractive force between two objects as a result of their masses

314
{{c1::Friction}} is a force that opposes motion as a function of electrostatic interactions at the surfaces between two objects
Static friction = stationary object 
Kinetic friction = sliding object



315
{{c1::Mass}} is a measure of the inertia of an object; its amount of material

316
{{c1::Weight}} is the force experienced by a given mass due to the gravitational attraction to the Earth

317
{{c1::Acceleration}} is the vector representation of the change in velocity over time

318
{{c1::Torque}} is a twisting force that causes rotation


319
Newton's first law of motion

{{c1::An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by a net force > 0}}

320

Give the equation for final velocity as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:

{{c1::}}
YouTube Link
321

Give the equation for final velocity as a function of displacement, initial velocity, and acceleration:

{{c1::}}
YouTube Link
322

Give the equation for displacement as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:

{{c1::}}
Khan Academy Link
323

Give the equation for centripetal acceleration:

{{c1::}}

324

Give the equation for centripetal force:

{{c1::}}

325

Give the equation for initial velocity in the X direction in a projectile motion problem:

{{c1::}}

326

Give the equation for initial velocity in the Y direction in a projectile motion problem:

{{c1::}}

327

Give the equation for force as a function of mass and acceleration:

{{c1::}}

328
Give the equation for Newton's 3rd law of motion:

{{c1::}}

329

Give the equation for the force of friction:

{{c1::}}

330

Give the equation for the force of gravity between two masses:

{{c1::}}

331

Give the equation for the force of gravity (weight) as a function of mass and gravitational acceleration:

{{c1::}}

332

Give the equation for torque:

{{c1::}}

333

Give the equation for work:

{{c1::}}

334

Give the equation for power:

{{c1::}}

335

Give the equation for kinetic energy:

{{c1::}}

336

Give the equation for elastic potential energy:

{{c1::}}
Elastic potential energy =  (1/2) x (spring constant) x (degree of stretch or compression of a spring squared)


337

Give the equation for the potential energy of an object at a certain height:

{{c1::}}

338

Give the equation for the potential gravitational energy between two masses:

{{c1::}}

339

Give the equation for the force of gravity on an object that sits on an inclined plane:

{{c1::}}
"Sin is sliding down the slide"


340

Give the equation for the normal force on an object that sits on an incline plane:

{{c1::}}

341

Give the equation for the force of friction on an object that sits on an inclined plane:

{{c1::}}

342

Give the equation for the change in internal energy of a system:

{{c1::}}

343

Give the equation for the internal energy of an ideal gas system:

{{c1::}}

344

Give the equation for work done on a gas by an outside force:

{{c1::}}

Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume)
345

Give the equation for heat released or absorbed by a system:

{{c1::}}
346

Give the equation for heat transferred during a phase change (heat of transformation):

{{c1::}}
Heat = mass x (latent heat)

Latent heat is a term for the enthalpy of an isothermal process

We need a different formula to calculate q during a phase change because ∆T = 0. If we used q = MC∆T, we'd erroneously think q = 0

347

Give the equation for Gibb's free energy as a function of enthalpy, entropy, and temperature:

{{c1::}}
Gibbs free energy = (change enthalpy) - (temperature) x (change in entropy)
348

Give the equation for heat of reaction as a function of product and reactant enthalpies:

{{c1::}}

349
Give the equation for the ideal gas law:

{{c1::}}

350
Give the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation:

{{c1::}}
351

Give the equation for molarity:

{{c1::}}

352

Give the equation for molality:

{{c1::}}
353

Give the equation for pH as a function of proton concentration:

{{c1::}}

354
Give the formula for the dilution of a solution:

{{c1::}}
355

Give the formula for osmotic pressure:

{{c1::}}
i = van't Hoff factor
M = molarity
R = gas constant
T = temperature in Kelvin


356

Give the equation for freezing point depression:

{{c1::}}

357

Give the equation for boiling point elevation:

{{c1::}}

358

Give the equation for mole fraction:

{{c1::}}

359
Give the equation for period of a wave:

{{c1::}}

360
Give the equation for Snell's law:

{{c1::}}

361
Give the formula for index of refraction:

{{c1::}}
362

Give the equation for energy of a photon:

{{c1::}}
E = energy of a photon
h = Planck’s Constant
c = speed of light
λ = wavelength
f = photon frequency
363

Give the equation for magnification of a lens:

{{c1::}}

364
Give the thin lens equation:

{{c1::}}
f = focal length
di = distance of image
do = distance of object


365
Give the Rydberg formula:

{{c1::}}
Used to determine the wavelength of light emitted or absorbed after an electron moves between energy levels

366

Give the formula for intensity of sound:

{{c1::}}

367
Give the equation for the length of a wave in a pipe that has one closed end:

{{c1::}}

368
Give the equation for the length of a wave in a pipe that has two open ends:

{{c1::}}

369

Give the equation for the frequency of a beat created by two sound waves that are of different frequency:

{{c1::}}

370

Give the equation for the observed frequency during the doppler effect:

{{c1::}}
371
Give the equation for density:

{{c1::}}
YouTube Link
372
Give the equation for pressure:

{{c1::}}
Pressure = force / area

Pressure is exerted by a fluid on the walls of its container and on objects placed in the fluid


373

Give the equation for pressure in a fluid:

{{c1::}}
Absolute Pressure = (pressure at the surface of the fluid) + (pressure due to the fluid's weight)
374

Give the equation for buoyant force:

{{c1::}}
If FB > mobject, then the object floats
If FB < mobject, then the object sinks


375

Give the equation for volumetric flow rate:

{{c1::}}
The volume of fluid which passes per unit time


376

Give the equation for potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field:

{{c1::}}
Potential energy = (charge of particle) x (electric potential)

377

Give the equation for the force between two charged particles:

{{c1::}}

378

Give the equation for the magnitude of the electric field created by a point charge:

{{c1::}}
379

Give the equation for electric potential at a point in space:

{{c1::}}
380
Give the equation for magnetic force of a moving point charge:

{{c1::}}

381
Give the equation for magnetic force of a current carrying wire:

{{c1::}}

382
Give the Ohm’s law equation:

{{c1::}}

383

Give the equation for electric field strength in a capacitor:

{{c1::}}

384

Give the equation for charge stored in a capacitor as a function of capacitance and voltage:

{{c1::}}
Charge = capacitance x (voltage across capacitor)


385

Give the equation for capacitance that includes area and distance:

{{c1::}}

386

Give the equation for potential energy of a capacitor:

{{c1::}}


387

Give the equation for cell potential:

{{c1::}}

388

Give the equation for resistance through a material:

{{c1::}}
p = resistivity
L = length of resistor
A = cross sectional area


389

Give the equation for voltage of an alternating current:

{{c1::}}

390

Give the equation for current when using alternating current:

{{c1::}}

391
Give the equation for total resistance when the resistors are in series:

{{c1::}}
Resistance is additive when in series. Sum together to create a large total resistance of a circuit


392
Give the equation for total resistance when the resistors are in parallel:

{{c1::}}
When in parallel, the total resistance will always be less than the value of the smallest resistor


393
Give the equation for total capacitance when the capacitors are in series:

{{c1::}}
When capacitors are in series, the total capacitance will always be less than the value of the smallest capacitor


394
Give the equation for total capacitance when the capacitors are in parallel:

{{c1::}}
Capacitance is additive when in parallel. Sum together to create a large total capacitance of a circuit


395
Avogadro's number = {{c1::6.02 x 1023}}

Khan Academy Link
396
Give the value of the gas constant, R:

{{c1::}}

397
Give the value of Planck's constant, h:
{{c1::}}

398
The density of water is:

{{c1::}}

399
The speed of light in a vacuum is:

{{c1::}}

Khan Academy Link
400
Faraday's constant is:

{{c1::}}

401
The units for Newton are:

{{c1::}}

402
The units for Joule are:

{{c1::}}

403
The units for Pascal are:

{{c1::}}

404
The units for volt are:

{{c1::}}

405
The units for ohm are:

{{c1::}}

406
The units for amp are:

{{c1::}}

407
The units for Farad are:

{{c1::}}

408
The units for watt are:

{{c1::}}

409
Newton's second law of motion

{{c1::Any acceleration is the result a net force > 0}}

410
Newton's third law of motion

{{c1::For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction}}

411
Units for joule

{{c1::}}
Joules are units of energy

A joule is  the amount of work you do when you exert a force of 1 newton to move an object a distance of 1 meter (1 newton meter or Nm)


412
{{c1::Kinetic energy::... energy}} is the energy of motion, observable as the movement of an object

413
{{c1::Potential energy::... energy}} is a type of energy an object has because of its position
The energy stored within a system


414
{{c1::Gravitational potential energy::... energy}} is the potential an object has to do work as a result of being located at a particular position in a gravitational field


Khan Academy Link
415
{{c1::Elastic potential energy::... energy}} is created when stretching or compressing an elastic object


Elastic potential energy =  (1/2) x (spring constant ) x (degree of stretch or compression of a spring squared)

Khan Academy Link
416
{{c1::Electrical potential energy::... energy}} is the energy between two charged particles

417
{{c1::Chemical potential energy::...energy}} is the energy stored in the bonds of compounds

418
Conservative forces are path {{c1::independent::dependent or independent}}
Work is determined only by the final displacement of the object

Examples: gravity and electrostatic forces


In the above example, you would only calculate the work along the green line, it doesn't matter that the object took a roundabout way to get there

419
Non-conservative forces are path {{c1::dependent::dependent or independent}} 
They cause dissipation of mechanical energy from a system

Examples: friction and air resistance

420
{{c1::Work}} is the process by which energy is transferred from one system to another


421
{{c1::Power}} is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred
SI unit is watt (W)


422
Give the equation for the mechanical advantage of an inclined plane

{{c1::}}

423

{{c1::Efficiency}}
The ratio of the machine’s work output to work input when non-conservative forces are taken into account

YouTube Link
424
{{c1::Thermal equilibrium::... equilibrium}} is when systems have the same average kinetic energy and thus the same temperature. 
No heat transfer


425
{{c1::Temperature}} is the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance

426
{{c1::Isolated systems::... systems}} do not exchange matter or energy with surroundings

427
{{c1::Closed systems::... systems}} will exchange energy but not matter with their surroundings
428
{{c1::Open systems::.. systems}} will exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings
429
A/an {{c1::state function::... function}} is a property that has a unique value that depends only on the present state of a system and not how the state was reached, nor on the history of the system
Pressure
Density
Temperature
Volume
Enthalpy
Internal energy
Gibbs free energy
Entropy


430
A/an {{c1::process function::... function}} describes the pathway from one equilibrium state to another
Work and heat


YouTube Link
431
{{c1::Heat}} is energy transfer between two objects at different temperatures
It occurs until the two objects come into thermal equilibrium (reach the same temperature)


432
Specific heat is the amount of energy necessary to {{c1::raise the temperature of one gram of substance by 1° C or 1 K}}
Remember, temperature is average kinetic energy


433
{{c1::Heat of transformation}} is the amount of energy required for a phase change of a substance
Temperature does not change during the transformation


Q = heat transferred during the phase change
m = mass
HL = latent heat or heat of transformation

434
Isobaric processes have constant {{c1::pressure}}

435
Isothermal processes have constant {{c1::temperature}}
{{c2::}}

Khan Academy Link
436
No {{c1::heat}} is exchanged in an adiabatic process
{{c2::}}

Khan Academy Link
437
Isovolumetric processes have constant {{c1::volume}}
{{c2::}}

Khan Academy Link
438
Work in regards to expansion or compression of a gas is calculated using the following formula:

{{c1::}}

Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume)
439
{{c1::Entropy}} is a measure of how much energy has spread out or how spread out energy has become

Khan Academy Link
440
{{c1::Reaction order}} is a number that relates the rate of a chemical reaction to the concentrations of the reacting substances
The sum of all the exponents of the concentrations of substances determines the rate of the reaction


In the above example, the overall order = a + b

Khan Academy Link
441
For a zeroth order reaction:

Rate Law: {{c1::}}

Integrated Rate Law: {{c1::}}

Khan Academy Link
442
For a first order reaction:

Rate Law: {{c1::}}

Integrated Rate Law: {{c1::}}

Khan Academy Link
443
For a second order reaction:

Rate Law: {{c1::}}

Integrated Rate Law: {{c1::}}

444
The units for the rate constant of a zeroth order reaction are

{{c1::}}

Khan Academy Link
445
The units for the rate constant of a first order reaction are

{{c1::}}
446
The units for the rate constant of a second order reaction are

{{c1::}}
447

The order of this reaction is {{c1::zeroth order}}

YouTube Link
448

The order of this reaction is {{c1::first order}}
449

The order of this reaction is {{c1::second order}}

YouTube Link
450
In {{c1::decomposition}} reactions, a single reactant breaks down

YouTube Link
451
{{c1::Combustion reactions}} are exothermic reactions in which something reacts with oxygen
Commonly known as "burning"


452
A/an {{c1::neutralization}} reaction is when an acid and base react to form water and salt
A type of double-replacement reaction


Khan Academy Link
453
A/an {{c1::hydrolysis}} reaction uses water to break the bonds in a molecule

Khan Academy Link
454
Give the Arrhenius equation:

{{c1::}}
k = rate constant
A = frequency factor
Ea = activation energy
R = gas constant
T = temperature in K
455
Give the Arrhenius equation:

{{c1::}}
You can use the Arrhenius equation to show the effect of a change of temperature on the rate constant and therefore on the rate of the reaction

k = rate constant
A = frequency factor
Ea = activation energy
R = gas constant
T = temperature in K


456
If temperature goes up, the rate constant goes {{c1::up::up or down}} and the reaction speed goes {{c1::up::up or down}} 
This is because the exponent gets closer to 0. The exponent becomes less negative


457
The {{c1::reaction quotient (Qc)}} is a measure of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction at a given time
Exclude pure solids and liquids


458
You exclude pure solids and liquids in the reaction quotient and equilibrium constant because {{c1::their effective concentrations stay constant throughout the reaction}}
They are disregarded and their activity is given the value of 1


YouTube Link
459
If Q < Keq, then the reaction will move to the {{c1::right}}

YouTube Link
460
A reaction is at equilibrium if Q = {{c1::Keq}}
461
If Q > Keq, then the reaction will move to the {{c1::left}}
462
Kinetic products are {{c1::higher::higher or lower}} in free energy compared to thermodynamic products and can form at {{c1::lower::higher or lower}} temperatures

463
Thermodynamic products are {{c1::lower::higher or lower}} in free energy compared to kinetic products and they are {{c1::more::more or less}} stable 

Khan Academy Link
464
Le Châtelier’s Principle states that if a stress is applied to a system, the system {{c1::shifts to relieve that applied stress }}
465
Standard conditions are {{c1::273}} K, {{c1::1}} atm, {{c1::1}} M

YouTube Link
466
{{c1::Fusion}} is the phase change from solid to liquid
Also known as "melting"


YouTube Link
467
{{c1::Freezing}} is the phase change from liquid to solid

YouTube Link
468
{{c1::Vaporization}} is the phase change form liquid to gas

YouTube Link
469
{{c1::Sublimation}} is the phase change from solid to gas

470
Deposition is the phase change from gas to solid

471

Label the phases in the phase diagram

{{c1::}}
472
The point in phase diagram where all 3 phases exist is known as the {{c1::triple point}}

473
A/an {{c1::supercritical}} fluid is one in which the density of gas = density of liquid
No distinction between those two phases

474
{{c1::Gibbs Free Energy}} combines enthalpy and entropy into a single value and is used to determine the spontaneity of a reaction
We are only concerned with changes in G, rather than its absolute value


Gibbs free energy = (change enthalpy) - (temperature x change in entropy)

Khan Academy Link
475
If a reaction has a positive ∆H and positive ∆S, then it will be {{c1::spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}} at {{c1::high::high, low, or all}} temperatures


Khan Academy Link
476
If a reaction has a positive ∆H and negative ∆S, then it will be {{c1::non-spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}} at {{c1::all::high, low, or all}} temperatures

477
If a reaction has a negative ∆H and positive ∆S, then it will be {{c1::spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}} at {{c1::all::high, low, or all}} temperatures
478
If a reaction has a negative ∆H and negative ∆S, then it will be {{c1::spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}} at {{c1::low::high, low, or all}} temperatures
479
Room temperature is approximately {{c1::25°}} Celsius
25°C = 75°F

480
Body temperature is approximately {{c1::37°C}} Celsius
37°C = 98.6°F

481
{{c1::Enthalpy (H)}} is a measure of the potential energy of a system found in intermolecular attractions and chemical bonds

Khan Academy Link
482
Phase changes from solid → liquid → gas are {{c1::endothermic::endothermic or exothermic}}
Gases have more heat energy than liquids and liquids have more heat energy than solids


YouTube Link
483
Phase changes from gas → liquid → solid are {{c1::exothermic::endothermic or exothermic}}
These reactions release heat energy

484
Give the formula for ∆H when using heat of formations

{{c1::}}
485
Give the formula for ∆H when using bond dissociation energies

{{c1::}}
Khan Academy Link
486
{{c1::Entropy}} is a measure of how much energy has spread out or how spread out energy has become
487
Give the formula for the standard entropy of reaction

{{c1::}}
488
Give the Gibbs Free Energy equation that uses the equilibrium constant Keq

{{c1::}}
Khan Academy Link
489
Give the Gibbs Free Energy equations that use the reaction quotient Q

{{c1::}}

{{c1::}}
490
If ∆G < O, the reaction will be {{c1::spontaneous}}

Khan Academy Link
491
If ∆G = O, the reaction will be {{c1::at equilibrium}}

Khan Academy Link
492
If ∆G > O, the reaction will be {{c1::non-spontaneous}}
493
The {{c1::D and L system}} is the convention that is used to designate the configurations of chiral carbons
Based on the D- and L- forms of glyceraldehyde

Nearly all carbohydrates in nature are in the D-configuration


494
{{c1::Carbohydrates}} are "hydrates of carbon"
Usually have the formula Cm(H2O)n

Example: Glucose is C6H12O6

H:O ratio is usually 2:1 due to the "hydration" with H2O

Glucose:

495
{{c1::Enantiomers}} are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable and are mirror images of each other

496
A chiral molecule is a type of molecule that {{c1::lacks::lacks or has}} an internal plane of symmetry and has a {{c1::non-superimposable::superimposable or non-superimposable}} mirror image


497
{{c1::Diastereomers}} are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable and are not mirror images of each other

498
{{c1::Enantiomers}} only come in pairs because they are mirror images while there can be many more than two {{c1::diastereomers}} depending on the number of stereocenters

499
{{c1::Epimers}} are a subtype of diastereomers that differ at exactly one chiral carbon

500
{{c1::Anomers}} are a subtype of epimers that differ at the anomeric carbon

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