MileDown's MCAT Anki Deck

Question 1

Text

Answer 1

Extra

Question 2

<img></img><div><br></br><div><div>In element notation, A is the{{c1::Mass number}}</div></div></div>

Answer 2

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 3

<img></img><div><br></br><div><div><div>In element notation,Z is the {{c1::atomic number}}</div></div></div></div>

Answer 3

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 4

{{c1::Atomic weight}} is the <b>weighted average</b> of the masses of an element’s <b>isotopes</b>

Answer 4

<div>Each mass is multiplied by the isotope's natural abundance</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 5

The {{c1::Rutherford Model::… Model}} states thatan atom is mostly empty space, with <i>electrons orbiting</i> a fixed, positively charged nucleus

Answer 5

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 6

According to the {{c1::Bohr Model::… Model}}, electrons orbit the nucleus in <u>orbits</u> that have a set size and energy

Answer 6

<div><div><div><img></img></div></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 7

<div>The {{c1::HeisenbergUncertainty Principle::... Principle}} states that it is <u>impossible</u> to know the momentum andposition of an electron <u>simultaneously</u></div>

Answer 7

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 8

{{c1::Hund’s Rule}} states that all orbitals must <i>first have one electron</i> before any orbital can obtain a second electron

Answer 8

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 9

The {{c1::Pauli Exclusion Principle::… Principle}} states that no two electrons can share the<u> same four</u> <u>identical</u> <u>quantum numbers</u>

Answer 9

<div>That means, for paired electrons, one must be +1/2 spin and the other -1/2 spin</div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 10

Avogadro’s Number ={{c1::6.022 × 10²³= 1 mol}}

Answer 10

<img></img><div><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 11

Planck’s Constant (h) ={{c1::6.626 × 10^-34J•s}}

Answer 11

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 12

Speed of Light (c) ={{c1::3.0 × 10⁸m/s}}

Answer 12

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 13

Give the equation for <u>energy of a photon</u>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 13

<div>E = energy of a photon</div>

h =Planck’s Constant<div>c = speed of light</div><div>λ = wavelength</div><div>f = photon frequency</div><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 14

<i>Diamagnetic</i> materials are{{c1::repelled}}by an external magnetic field

Answer 14

<div>All electrons are <i>paired</i> and have opposing spins↑↓</div>

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<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 15

<u>Paramagnetic</u> materials are{{c1::pulledinto}}an external magnetic field

Answer 15

<div>Contain one or more <u>unpaired</u> electrons with spin↑<span> </span></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 16

He is {{c1::diamagnetic::diamagnetic or paramagnetic}}

Answer 16

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 17

Li is {{c1::paramagnetic::diamagnetic or paramagnetic}}

Answer 17

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 18

Quantum number{{c1::n}} is the <i>principal</i> quantum number and gives the electron {{c1::<i>energy level</i> or<i>shell number</i>}}

Answer 18

<div><div><div>1, 2, 3, ...</div><div><br></br></div><div>Except for d- and f-orbitals,the shell # matches the row ofthe periodic table</div></div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 19

Quantum number {{c1::l}} is the <i>azimuthal</i> quantum number and gives the {{c1::<i>3D shape</i>(subshell)}}of an orbital

Answer 19

<div><div>0, 1, 2, …, n-1</div><div><br></br></div><div>0 = s orbital</div><div><div>1 = p orbital</div><div>2 = d orbital</div><div>3 = f orbital</div><div>4 = g orbital</div></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 20

Quantum number{{c1::m_l}}is the <b>magnetic</b> quantum number and gives the orbital {{c1::sub-type}}

Answer 20

<div>Integers-lto+l</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>The orientation of the electron's orbital with respect to the three axes in space, x, y, and z.</div>

<div><div><br></br></div></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

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<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 21

Quantum number{{c1::m_s}}is the <u>spin</u> quantum number and gives the {{c1::electronic spin}}of the electron

Answer 21

<div>+1/2 or -1/2</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 22

The maximum number of electrons in a single <i>energy level</i> in terms of <i>principal </i>quantum number ={{c1::2n²}}

Answer 22

Example: What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the second energy level?<div><br></br></div><div>2n² =2(2²) = 8 electrons</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 23

The maximum number of electronsin a single <i>subshell</i> in terms of the<i>azimuthal</i>quantum number ={{c1::4l+ 2}}

Answer 23

The number of orbitals in a <i>subshell</i> = 2l + 1<div><br></br></div><div>With a maximum of 2 electrons per orbital, the maximum number of electrons per <i>subshell</i> = 2(2l + 1) = 4l + 2</div><div><br></br></div><div>Example: For the d <i>subshell</i>, we know the mathematical value for d is l = 2</div><div><br></br></div><div>4l + 2 = 4(2) + 2 = 10 electrons at maximum in the d <i>subshell</i></div>

Question 24

A/an {{c1::free radical}} is an atom or molecule with an <i>unpaired electron</i>

Answer 24

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<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 25

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<div>The Azimuthalquantum number for this orbital is {{c1::0 = s orbital}}</div>

Answer 25

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 26

<img></img><br></br><div><br></br></div><div>The Azimuthalquantum number for this orbital is {{c1::1 = p orbital}}</div>

Answer 26

<img></img><div><br></br><div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>

Question 27

<img></img><br></br><div><br></br></div><div>The Azimuthalquantum number for this orbital is {{c1::2 = d orbital}}</div>

Answer 27

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 28

<img></img><br></br><div><br></br></div><div>The Azimuthalquantum number for this orbital is {{c1::3 = f orbital}}</div>

Answer 28

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 29

<img></img><div><br></br><div>Give the <u>principal</u> and <i>azimuthal</i> quantum number labels for the periodic table</div></div><div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 29

<div><u>Principal</u>(n) quantum number = 1, 2, 3, ...</div>

<div><i>Azimuthal</i>(l) quantum number = 0, 1, 2, …, n-1</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 30

The {{c1::Aufbau Principle::… Principle}} states that electrons will <u>fill the lower energy</u> levels before moving to higher energy orbitals

Answer 30

<img></img><div><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 31

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The elements in the group labeled with<i>?</i>are known as {{c1::alkali metals}}</div></div>

Answer 31

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 32

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The elements in the group labeled with<i>?</i>are known as {{c1::alkaline earth metals}}</div></div>

Answer 32

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 33

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with<i>?</i>are known as {{c1::transition metals}}</div></div>

Answer 33

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 34

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The elements in the group labeled with<i>?</i>are known as {{c1::post-transition metals}}</div></div>

Answer 34

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 35

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The elements in the group labeled with<i>?</i>are known as {{c1::metalloids}}</div></div>

Answer 35

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 36

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with<i>?</i>are known as {{c1::non-metals}}</div></div>

Answer 36

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 37

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The elements in the group labeled with<i>?</i>are known as {{c1::halogens}}</div></div>

Answer 37

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 38

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The elements in the group labeled with<i>?</i>are known as {{c1::noble gases}}</div></div>

Answer 38

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 39

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with<i>?</i>are known as {{c1::rare earth metals}}</div></div>

Answer 39

Lanthanides and Actinides<div><br></br><div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>

Question 40

{{c1::Z_eff}}isthe attractive positive charge of nuclear protons acting on <u>valence electrons</u>

Answer 40

<div>Z_effisalways <b>less</b> than the total number of protons present in a nucleus due to the<i>shielding effect</i>from other electrons in the atom</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

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<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 41

<div><div>What is the periodic trend for <u>effective nuclear charge</u>?</div></div>

<div>_<br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 41

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 42

{{c1::Ionization energy}} is the amount of energy required to <i>remove</i> an electron

Answer 42

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 43

<div>What is the periodic trend for <b>ionization energy</b>?</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 43

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 44

{{c1::Electron affinity}} is the amount of energy <u>released</u> when an electron is<i>added</i>to the atom

Answer 44

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 45

<div>What is the periodic trend for <i>electron affinity</i>?</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 45

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 46

{{c1::Electronegativity}} is a measure of how strongly atoms <i>attract</i> electrons

Answer 46

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 47

<div>What is the periodic trend for <u>electronegativity?</u></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 47

<div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 48

<div>What is the periodic trend for <i>atomic size</i>?</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 48

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 49

<div><div>Give the approximate electronegativity values of H, C, N, O, and F</div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 49

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 50

A/an {{c1::covalent}} bond is the sharing of electrons between two elements

Answer 50

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 51

<div>{{c1::Coordinate covalent}} bonds are when a single atom provides <b>both bonding electrons</b></div>

Answer 51

<div>Most often found in Lewis acid-base chemistry</div>

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<div><img></img></div>

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<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 52

{{c1::Ionic}} bonds are formed by the <u>complete transfer</u> of valence electron(s) between atoms

Answer 52

Usually formed between an element with a<u>low ionization energy</u> and anelement with a<i>high electron affinity</i><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 53

{{c1::Bond order}} refers to the number of bonds between two atoms (single, double, or triple bond)

Answer 53

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 54

The greater the number of bonds (bond order) the {{c1::higher::higher or lower}} the bond strength and the {{c1::shorter::longer or shorter}} the bond

Answer 54

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 55

Non-polar bonds have a △EN that is {{c1::less than 0.5}}

Answer 55

<img></img><div><br></br><div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>

Question 56

Polar bonds have a △EN that is between {{c1::0.5}} and {{c1::1.7}}

Answer 56

<img></img><div><br></br><div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>

Question 57

<i>Cations</i> are ions with a {{c1::positive}} charge

Answer 57

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 58

<u>Anions</u> are ions with a {{c1::negative}} charge

Answer 58

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 59

{{c1::Crystalline lattices}} are large, organized arrays of ions

Answer 59

Example: solid carbon<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 60

<b>Hydrogen bonds</b> are most often formed between hydrogen and the following elements: {{c1::O, N and F}}

Answer 60

O-H, N-H, F-H<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 61

<b>Van der Waals Forces</b> is a general term that includes{{c1::dipole-dipole}} forces and {{c1::London dispersion}} forces

Answer 61

<div><img></img></div>

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<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 62

{{c1::Dipole-dipole}} forces areattractive forces between the <i>positive</i> end of one polar molecule and the <u>negative</u> end of another polar molecule

Answer 62

<div><img></img></div>

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<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 63

{{c1::London dispersion}} forces are temporary attractive forces created when a <b>temporary</b> dipole <b>induces</b> a dipole in a neighboring molecule

Answer 63

The weakest intermolecular force<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 64

Place in order of strength:<div><br></br></div><div>hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and London dispersion forces<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div></div>

Answer 64

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 65

{{c1::Sigma}} bonds are formed by<u>head-on</u> overlapping between atomic orbitals

Answer 65

<img></img><div><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 66

{{c1::Pi}} bonds are formed by <i>lateral</i> (side-by-side) overlap of atomic orbitals

Answer 66

The 2^nd and 3^rd bonds in double and triple bonds are pi bonds<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 67

{{c1::Formal charge}} is the charge given to an <b>individual element</b> within a molecule

Answer 67

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 68

Give the formula for formal charge<div><br></br></div><div>Formal Charge = {{c1::valence electrons− dots − sticks}}</div>

Answer 68

<div>"<b>Dots</b>" are nonbonding electrons</div>

<div>"<b>Sticks</b>" are pairs of bonding electrons</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 69

<img></img><br></br><div><br></br></div><div>O is the hydrogen bond {{c1::acceptor::acceptor or donor}}</div><div><br></br></div><div>N is the hydrogen bond {{c1::donor::acceptor or donor}}</div>

Answer 69

<div><div>The <i>acceptor</i>must possess a <i>lone electron pair</i></div><div>The <u>donor</u> is usually <u>strongly electronegative</u></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 70

The bond angle of an sp hybridized atom is{{c1::180°}}

Answer 70

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 71

The bond angle of an sp²hybridized atom is{{c1::120°}}

Answer 71

<div><img></img></div>

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<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 72

The bond angle of an sp³hybridized atom is{{c1::109.5°}}

Answer 72

<div><img></img></div>

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<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 73

Bond angles of an sp³d hybridized atom are{{c1::90°}} and {{c1::120°}}

Answer 73

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 74

The bond angle of an sp³d² hybridized atom is{{c1::90°}}

Answer 74

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 75

An H₂O molecule is a bent because{{c1::thelone pair of electrons repulseeach other and push the H atoms away}}

Answer 75

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 76

An {{c1::empirical}} formula is the <b>simplest</b>whole-number ratio of atoms

Answer 76

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 77

The {{c1::molecular}} formula shows the<i>exactnumber</i>of atomsof each element

Answer 77

<div>It is a multiple of the empirical formula</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

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<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 78

The <i>nucleoid region</i> is found in {{c1::prokaryotes::eukaryotes or prokaryotes}} and contains {{c1::DNA}}

Answer 78

<div><img></img></div>

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<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 79

The nucleolus makes {{c1::ribosomes}}

Answer 79

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 80

Peroxisomes {{c1::break down}} material

Answer 80

<div><img></img></div>

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<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 81

The {{c1::rough::smooth or rough}} ER makes proteins from mRNA

Answer 81

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 82

The {{c1::smooth::smooth or rough}} ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation

Answer 82

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 83

The {{c1::Golgi Apparatus::organelle}} modifies and distributes proteins

Answer 83

Eukaryotes only<div><br></br><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 84

In the <u>Vesicular Transport Model</u>, the cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi cisternae are{{c1::static}}structures

Answer 84

<div>The <u>contents</u> are <u>physically shuttled</u> from each cisterna to the next</div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 85

In the <i>Cisternal Maturation Model</i>, cisternae {{c1::evolve and mature}}

Answer 85

<div>The cis-Golgi matures and becomes the medial-Golgi, then eventually, the trans-Golgi</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Vesicles move in <b>retrograde</b> motion</div>

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<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 86

{{c1::Lysosomes}} are the demolition and recycling center

Answer 86

<div>Made by <b>Golgi</b></div>

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<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 87

<u>Centrioles</u> contain 9 groups of {{c1::microtubules}} and they pull {{c1::chromosomes}} apart

Answer 87

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 88

A/an {{c1::plasmid}} is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separatefrom chromosomal DNA

Answer 88

<div>Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with <i>genetic advantages</i>, such as antibiotic resistance</div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 89

Microfilaments make up part of the cell’s{{c1::cytoskeleton}}

Answer 89

<div>Polymers of<i><b>actin</b></i></div>

<div><i><b><br></br></b></i></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 90

Microtubules help the cell{{c1::resist}} compressionforces

Answer 90

Made of<u>tubulin</u> proteins<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 91

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This is an example of {{c1::simple squamous}} epithelial tissue</div></div>

Answer 91

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 92

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This is an example of {{c1::simple cuboidal}} epithelial tissue</div></div>

Answer 92

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 93

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This is an example of {{c1::simple columnar}} epithelial tissue</div>

Answer 93

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 94

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This is an example of {{c1::pseudostratified columnar}} epithelial tissue</div></div>

Answer 94

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 95

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This is an example of {{c1::stratified squamous}} epithelial tissue</div></div>

Answer 95

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 96

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This is an example of {{c1::stratified cuboidal}}epithelial tissue</div></div>

Answer 96

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 97

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This is an example of {{c1::stratified columnar}} epithelial tissue</div></div>

Answer 97

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 98

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This is an example of {{c1::transitional}} epithelial tissue</div></div>

Answer 98

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 99

Bone, cartilage,tendon, and blood are examples of{{c1::connective}}tissue

Answer 99

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 100

Epithelial tissue covers {{c1::internal}} and {{c1::external}} surfaces of the body

Answer 100

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 101

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This is an example of {{c1::bacilli (rod)::shape}} bacteria</div>

Answer 101

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 102

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This is an example of {{c1::cocci (sphere)::shape}} bacteria</div></div>

Answer 102

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 103

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This is an example of {{c1::spirilla(spiral)::shape}} bacteria</div></div>

Answer 103

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 104

{{c1::Obligate aerobes::type of microorganism}} require O₂

Answer 104

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>_{<a>YouTube Link</a>}</div>

Question 105

{{c1::Obligate anaerobes::type of microorganism}} die in O₂

Answer 105

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>_{<a>YouTube Link</a>}</div>

Question 106

{{c1::Facultative anaerobes::type of microorganism}} toggle between aerobic and anaerobic

Answer 106

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 107

{{c1::Aerotolerant anaerobes::type of microorganism}} do not use O₂but tolerate it

Answer 107

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 108

Gram +is {{c1::purple::color}} and has a {{c1::thick::thick or thin}} wall

Answer 108

<div>Wall is made of <b>peptidoglycan</b>/lipoteichoic acid</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 109

Gram -is {{c1::pink / red::color}} and has a {{c1::thin::thick or thin}} wall

Answer 109

Wall is made of <b>peptidoglycan</b><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 110

{{c1::Transformation}} is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment

Answer 110

<div>Griffith experiment with mice (<b>R strain safe</b>, <u>S strain deadly</u>)</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 111

<u>Conjugation</u> is the transfer genetic info via a/an {{c1::conjugation bridge}}

Answer 111

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 112

{{c1::Transduction}} is the transfer genetic material usingabacteriophage

Answer 112

<div><span><img></img></span></div>

<div><span><br></br></span></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 113

{{c1::Transposons}} areDNA sequences that can change their position within a genome

Answer 113

This sometimes <b>creates</b> or <b>reverses</b> mutations<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 114

In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the {{c1::<b>inner</b>mitochondrial membrane::cellular component}}

Answer 114

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 115

In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the {{c1::cell membrane::cellular component}}

Answer 115

<img></img><div><br></br><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 116

Eukaryotic cells reproduce via {{c1::mitosis}}

Answer 116

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 117

Prokaryotic cells reproduce via {{c1::binary fission}}

Answer 117

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 118

{{c1::Prions}} are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding

Answer 118

<div>Causes<b>Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</b></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 119

{{c1::Viroids}} areplant pathogens

Answer 119

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 120

{{c1::Bacteriophages}} are bacteria viruses that use a <u>tail sheath</u> to inject DNA / RNA

Answer 120

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 121

A/an {{c1::capsid}} is the protein shell of a <u>virus</u>

Answer 121

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 122

{{c1::Virions}} are individual virus particles that are found extracellular

Answer 122

<img></img><div><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 123

{{c1::Viral}} genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded

Answer 123

<img></img><div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 124

A {{c1::positive::positive or negative}} sense RNA strand is itself an mRNA and canbe transcribed <b>directly</b> into DNA

Answer 124

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 125

Retroviruses are single stranded {{c1::RNA}}

Answer 125

<div><i>Reverse transcriptase</i> is needed tomake DNA</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 126

<div>In a {{c1::lytic}} bacteriophage life cycle, virions are made until the cell lyses</div>

Answer 126

<div>Viruses enter cells and use the cell to <i>make copies of themselves</i>, often destroying the cell in the process</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 127

During the{{c1::G₁phase::cell cycle phase}}, cells synthesize<b>mRNA</b> and <b>proteins</b>

Answer 127

This is to prepare for subsequent steps leading to mitosis<div><br></br></div><div>G1 stands for “Gap 1”</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 128

A cell will enter{{c1::G₀phase::cell cycle phase}} if it <b>does not</b> need to divide

Answer 128

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 129

At the{{c1::G₁}} checkpoint, cells choose whether or not to divide

Answer 129

<b>P53</b>is in charge<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 130

DNA is replicated in the {{c1::S phase::cell cycle phase}}

Answer 130

<div>S = <i>synthesis</i> phase</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 131

In the{{c1::G₂phase::cell cycle phase}}, cells grow and make<b>organelles</b>

Answer 131

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 132

At the{{c1::G₂}}checkpoint, the cell will check that the DNA has <b>replicated correctly</b>

Answer 132

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 133

<b>Mitosis</b>and <b>cytokinesis</b> occur in the{{c1::M phase::cell cycle phase}}

Answer 133

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 134

The four phases of <i>Mitosis</i>:<div><br></br></div><div><div>{{c1::Prophase}}</div><div>{{c1::Metaphase}}</div><div>{{c1::Anaphase}}</div><div>{{c1::Telophase}}</div></div>

Answer 134

<div>Acronym: PMAT</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Note: Interphase<i>precedes</i>mitosis, it is not part of mitosis</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<img></img><div><div><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>

Question 135

Interphase includes{{c1::G₁, S, and G₂phases::cell cycle phases}}

Answer 135

Phase where the cell spends most of its life<div><br></br></div><div><div><img></img></div></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 136

In {{c1::prophase::mitosis phase}}, the DNA <b>condenses</b>, centrioles <i>migrate</i> to opposite poles, and<u>microtubules</u> form

Answer 136

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 137

In {{c1::metaphase::mitosis phase}}, chromosomes <b>meet in middle</b> of the cell

Answer 137

<div>Metaphase = "meet in middle"at the<b>metaphase plate</b></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 138

In {{c1::anaphase::mitosis phase}}, sister chromatids separate and <u>move to opposite poles</u>

Answer 138

Anaphase = “<u>Apart</u>“<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 139

In {{c1::telophase::mitosis phase}},<b>chromosomes decondense</b>, the nuclear membrane forms, and <u>cytokinesis</u>occurs

Answer 139

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 140

The number of <b>complete sets</b> of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the {{c1::ploidy}} of a cell

Answer 140

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy</a>

Question 141

The phases of <u>meiosis</u>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::Prophase I<div>Metaphase I</div><div>Anaphase I</div><div>Telophase I</div><div><div>Prophase II</div><div>Metaphase II</div><div>Anaphase II</div></div>Telophase II}}</div>

Answer 141

<div>PMAT x 2</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 142

{{c1::Nondisjunction}} is when sister chromatids <b>don’t separate</b>properly during <b>anaphase</b>

Answer 142

<div>Results in <i>aneuploidy</i></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 143

{{c1::Crossing over}} is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair <u>exchange segments</u> with each other

Answer 143

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 144

Crossing over occurs in {{c1::prophase I::meiosisphase}}

Answer 144

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 145

{{c1::The law of segregation}} statesthat two alleles of each gene become separated and <i>only one allele from each parent</i> will be passed to the offspring

Answer 145

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 146

The law of segregation occurs in {{c1::anaphase I::meiosis phase}}

Answer 146

<img></img><div><br></br><div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>

Question 147

<b>Female</b> chromosome pairs are {{c1::XX::XX or XY}}

Answer 147

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 148

<u>Male</u> chromosome pairs are {{c1::XY::XX or XY}}

Answer 148

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 149

{{c1::X-linked recessive inheritance}}refers to <b>genetic conditions</b> associated with mutations in genes on the <b>X chromosome</b>

Answer 149

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 150

In <i>males</i> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation{{c1::will::will or will not}}be expressed

Answer 150

<div><div>This is because males only have one X chromosome</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 151

In <b>females</b> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation{{c1::will not::will or will not}}be expressed

Answer 151

<div><div>Females have two X chromosomes, so the mutation is<i>carried</i>but <i>not expressed</i>. The normal X chromosome will be expressed because this is a <u>recessive trait</u></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 152

The {{c1::SRY gene::gene}} is responsible for initiation of <i>male</i> <i>sex determination</i> and codes fortesticles

Answer 152

“Sorry you’re a male”<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 153

Semen is a combination of {{c1::sperm}} and {{c1::seminal fluid}}

Answer 153

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 154

The {{c1::bulbourethral gland}} makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra

Answer 154

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 155

<div>{{c1::Seminal vesicles}} and the {{c1::prostate gland}} make <u>alkaline</u> fluid to help sperm survive the<i>acidic</i>environment of the female reproductive tract</div>

Answer 155

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 156

Pathway of sperm during ejaculation:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<div>SEVE(N) UP mnemonic</div><div>}}</div></div>

Answer 156

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 157

The {{c1::ovaries}} have follicles that produce ova

Answer 157

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 158

{{c1::Oogenesis}} is the production of female gametes

Answer 158

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 159

{{c1::Estrogen::Hormone}} <b>develops</b> the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall

Answer 159

<div>“<b>E</b>strogen<b>e</b>stablishes and<u>p</u>rogesterone <u>p</u>rotects the endometrium”</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><b>Estrogen</b> responds to <b>FSH</b></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 160

{{c1::Progesterone}} <u>maintains and protects</u> the endometrium

Answer 160

<div>“<b>E</b>strogen<b>e</b>stablishes and<u>p</u>rogesterone<u>p</u>rotects the endometrium”</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><u>Progesterone</u> responds to <u>LH</u></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 161

Female egg pathway:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 161

<div>Note: If <i>unfertilized</i>, the egg will leave through the cervix and vagina, otherwise it implants into the uterus as an <u>embryo</u></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 162

<div>{{c1::Luteinizing Hormone (LH)}}<i>induces ovulation</i> in females and, in males, it initiates the production of <u>testosterone</u></div>

Answer 162

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 163

<b>GnRH</b> stimulates theanterior pituitaryto release<b>{{c1::FSH}}</b>and<b>{{c1::LH}}</b>

Answer 163

<div>Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone</div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 164

Fertilization occurs in the {{c1::fallopian tube}}

Answer 164

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 165

A/an {{c1::morula}} is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized <b>ovum</b>

Answer 165

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 166

A/an {{c1::blastula}}is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres that <i>implants</i> in the endometrial lining

Answer 166

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 167

{{c1::Ectoderm::Germ layer}} develops into the <i>nervous system</i>, skin, hair, nails, mouth, and anus

Answer 167

<div>“Atract-oderm”: Skin and hair are things people are <i>attracted</i> to</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 168

{{c1::Mesoderm::Germ layer}} develops into<u>muscoskeleton</u>, circulatory system, gonads, and adrenal cortex

Answer 168

<div>“Move-oderm”: Involved in <u>moving things</u> such as muscles, RBC, steroids</div>

<div><div><br></br><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 169

{{c1::Endoderm::Germ layer}} develops into the <b>GI tract</b>, <b>respiratory tract</b>, endocrine glands, bronchi, bladder, and stomach

Answer 169

<div>“In-doderm”: Things that are <b>inside</b></div>

<div><div><br></br><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 170

The CNS and PNS derive from the {{c1::ectoderm::germ layer}}

Answer 170

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 171

{{c1::Totipotent}} stem cellshave the potential to develop into <u>any cell</u> found in the human body

Answer 171

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 172

{{c1::Pluripotent}} stem cells can be any cell <i>except</i> those found in <i>placental structures</i>

Answer 172

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 173

{{c1::Multipotent}} stem cells candevelop into <b>multiple</b> specialized cell types

Answer 173

<div>Most adult stem cells are multipotent stem cells</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 174

<u>Fetal hemoglobin</u> has a {{c1::greater::greater or lesser}} affinity for O₂than adult hemoglobin

Answer 174

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 175

Blood in the <u>umbilical artery</u> is {{c1::deoxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated}}

Answer 175

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 176

Blood in the <i>umbilical vein</i> is {{c1::oxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated}}

Answer 176

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 177

Fraternal twins are {{c1::dizygotic}}

Answer 177

<img></img><div><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 178

Identical twins are {{c1::monozygotic}}

Answer 178

<img></img><div><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 179

{{c1::Cell determination}} is when a cell <u>commits</u> to becoming a certain type of cell

Answer 179

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 180

{{c1::Celldifferentiation}} is when a cell acquires the structures and functions of a <i>specialized</i> cell

Answer 180

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 181

{{c1::Induction}} is when a group of cells <b>influence</b> the fate of nearby cells

Answer 181

<div>Mediated by<b>inducers</b>, which are commonly <b>growth factors</b></div>

<div><i><br></br></i></div>

<div><i><img></img></i></div>

<div><i><br></br></i></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 182

{{c1::Autocrine signaling}} is when the cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to a receptor <u>on itself</u>

Answer 182

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 183

{{c1::Paracrine}} signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in <i>nearby cells</i>

Answer 183

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 184

{{c1::Juxtacrine}} signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is <b>directly adjacent</b> or <b>attached</b>

Answer 184

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 185

{{c1::Endocrine}} signalingreleases signals into the <i>bloodstream</i>, which carries them to target cells in <i>distant</i> parts of the body

Answer 185

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 186

A/an {{c1::shunt}} is a <b>hole</b> or a <b>small passage</b> which allows fluid to move from one part of the body to another

Answer 186

<div>Example: Shunt vessels connect an artery directly to a vein so the blood skips the capillaries</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 187

{{c1::Patent Foramen Ovule}}is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the <i>fetal</i> <i>lungs</i>

Answer 187

In the wall between the left and right atria of a fetus<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 188

The {{c1::Patent ductus arteriosus}} is a shunt that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the <u>fetus's non-functioning lungs</u>

Answer 188

It connects the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta in a fetus<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 189

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Glycine}}</div>

Answer 189

<div>Gly, G</div>

<div><div>Hydrophobic</div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>The only amino acid that is <i>not chiral</i></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 190

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This amino acid is{{c1::Alanine}}<br></br></div></div>

Answer 190

<div>Ala, A<br></br></div>

<div>Hydrophobic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 191

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Valine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 191

<div>Val, V<br></br></div>

<div>Hydrophobic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 192

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Leucine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 192

<div>Leu, L<br></br></div>

<div>Hydrophobic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 193

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Isoleucine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 193

<div>Ile, I<br></br></div>

<div>Hydrophobic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 194

<img></img><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Methionine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 194

<div>Met, M<br></br></div>

<div>Hydrophobic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Contains a <u>thioether</u> group</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 195

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Proline}}<br></br></div>

Answer 195

<div>Pro, P<br></br></div>

<div>Hydrophobic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Typically found in <b>β-pleated sheets</b> at the turns</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>"<i>Kinky</i>"</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 196

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Phenylalanine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 196

<div>Phe, F<br></br></div>

<div>Hydrophobic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Aromatic, can <b>absorb UV light</b></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 197

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Tryptophan}}<br></br></div>

Answer 197

<div>Trp, W<br></br></div>

<div>Hydrophobic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Aromatic</div>

<div>Contains the <i>indole</i> group</div>

<div>Emits <u>fluorescent light</u><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 198

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Serine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 198

<div>Ser, S<br></br></div>

<div>Polar Neutral</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 199

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Threonine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 199

<div>Thr, T<br></br></div>

<div>Polar Neutral</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 200

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Tyrosine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 200

<div>Tyr, Y<br></br></div>

<div>Polar Neutral</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Aromatic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div>Tyrosineis the precursor to<i>catecholamines</i></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 201

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Cysteine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 201

<div>Cys, C<br></br></div>

<div>Polar Neutral</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 202

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Asparagine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 202

<div>Asn, N<br></br></div>

<div>Polar Neutral</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 203

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Glutamine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 203

<div>Gln, Q<br></br></div>

<div>Polar Neutral</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 204

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Lysine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 204

<div>Lys, K<br></br></div>

<div>Positively Charged</div>

<div>Hydrophilic</div>

<div>Basic<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 205

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Arginine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 205

<div>Arg, R<br></br></div>

<div>Positively Charged</div>

<div>Hydrophilic</div>

<div>Basic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Contains the<b>guanidinium</b> group<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 206

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Histidine}}<br></br></div>

Answer 206

<div>His, H<br></br></div>

<div>Positively Charged</div>

<div>Hydrophilic</div>

<div>Basic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Contains the <u>imidazole</u> group<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 207

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Aspartate}}<br></br></div>

Answer 207

<div>Asp, D<br></br></div>

<div>Negatively Charged</div>

<div>Acidic</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Related to Asparagine<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 208

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Glutamate}}<br></br></div>

Answer 208

<div>Glu, E<br></br></div>

<div>Negatively Charged</div>

<div>Acidic<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 209

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This is the {{c1::indole}} group<br></br></div>

Answer 209

<div>Found in <b>Tryptophan</b></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 210

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This is the {{c1::imidazole}} group</div>

Answer 210

<div>Found in <u>Histidine</u></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 211

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This is the {{c1::guanidinium}} group</div>

Answer 211

<div>Found in <i>Arginine</i><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 212

<i>Amino acids</i>are simple organic compounds containing both a/an {{c1::carboxyl(—COOH)}} group and a/an {{c1::amino(—NH₂)}}group

Answer 212

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 213

{{c1::Glycine}} is the onlyamino acid that is <i>not</i> <i>chiral</i>

Answer 213

<div><b><img></img></b></div>

<div><b><br></br></b></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><b><br></br></b></div>

Question 214

The stereochemistry of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic<i>amino acids</i>(except glycine) is {{c1::L}}

Answer 214

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 215

<div><u>All chiral amino acids</u> except cysteine have {{c1::(S)}}configuration</div>

Answer 215

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 216

<b>L</b> and <b>D</b> indicate{{c1::relative}}configuration<div><br></br></div><div><i>S</i>and<i>R</i>indicate{{c1::absolute}}configuration</div>

Answer 216

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 217

<i>Amphoteric</i> molecules can act as either a/an {{c1::base}}or a/an{{c1::acid}}

Answer 217

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 218

The pH at which<i>halfof the species isdeprotonated</i> is called the {{c1::pK_a}}

Answer 218

[HA] = [A-]<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 219

A <u>low</u> pH will cause amino acids to be {{c1::full protonated}}

Answer 219

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 220

{{c1::Isoelectric point}} is the<i>pH</i>at which an amino acid is in<u>zwitterion</u>form

Answer 220

<div>The charges cancel out to make a neutral molecule</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 221

A/an {{c1::zwitterion}} is when <b>all charges cancel out</b>, so the molecule isneutral

Answer 221

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 222

<div>The isoelectric point formula when there is <u>no side chain</u> is:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 222

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 223

The isoelectric point formula when there is a<b>neutral side chain</b> is:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 223

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 224

The isoelectric point formula when there is a<u>basicside chain</u> is:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 224

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 225

The isoelectric point formula when there is an<i>acidic side chain</i> is:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 225

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 226

At the <u>midpoint</u> of a titration, the pH = {{c1::pK_a}}

Answer 226

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 227

At the <i>equivalence point</i> of a titration, pH = {{c1::pI}}

Answer 227

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 228

The {{c1::1°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of <i>proteins</i> is the linear<i> sequence ofamino acids</i>in a peptide

Answer 228

<div>Stabilized by<i>peptide bonds</i></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 229

The {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of <i>proteins</i> is the <b>local folding</b> of neighboring amino acids including<i>α-helices</i>and<u>β-pleated sheets</u>

Answer 229

<div>Stabilizedby <b>hydrogen bonding</b><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 230

The {{c1::3°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of <i>proteins</i> is the<u>3-D shape</u>of a single polypeptide chain

Answer 230

<div>Stabilized by <u>hydrophobic interactions</u>, acid-baseinteractions, hydrogen-bonds, and disulfide bonds</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 231

The {{c1::4°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of <i>proteins</i> is the <b>interaction between peptides</b> in proteins thatcontain multiple subunits

Answer 231

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div>The4° structure of hemoglobin:</div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 232

{{c1::α-helices}} are clockwise <b>coils</b> around a central axis and are a common {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} protein structure

Answer 232

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 233

<div>{{c1::β-pleatedsheets}} are <u>rippled strands</u> that can be parallelor antiparallel and are a common{{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} protein structure</div>

Answer 233

<div><u>Proline</u> is typically found at the turns inβ-pleatedsheets<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div></div>

Question 234

{{c1::Proline::Amino acid}} has a<i>rigid cyclic structure</i>and can<b>interrupt</b> <b>2°</b><b>protein</b><b>structure</b>

Answer 234

<div>Proline is "kinky"<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 235

{{c1::Denaturation}} is when a protein (or nucleic acid)<b>l</b><b>oses its4°,3°, and2°structures</b>due to breaking non-covalent interactions

Answer 235

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 236

<div>The {{c1::hydrophobic effect}} pushes hydrophobic R groups to the interior of aprotein, which{{c1::increases::increases or decreases}} <i>entropy</i>of the surroundingwater molecules<br></br></div>

Answer 236

<div>When multiple <b>hydrophobic molecules</b> are in water, the molecules group together spontaneously</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>The <u>combined</u> molecules have <u>less surface area</u> touching water so fewer water molecules are needed to interact with the hydrophobic surface</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>This means <i>more water molecules can roam freely</i> which is an <i>increase</i> in entropy<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 237

{{c1::Disulfide bonds}} occur when <u>twocysteinemolecules</u> are oxidized andcreate a covalent bond between their thiol groups

Answer 237

<div>This forms<u>cystine</u><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 238

{{c1::Conjugated proteins}} are complex proteins, such as hemoglobin, consisting of amino acids <i>combined</i> <i>with other substances</i>

Answer 238

<img></img><br></br>

Question 239

A/an {{c1::prosthetic group}} is the <b>attached molecule in a conjugated protein</b> and canbe a metal ion, vitamin, lipid, carbohydrate, ornucleic acid

Answer 239

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 240

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<u>Peptide bonds</u> link the{{c1::α-carboxylgroup::… group}} of one amino acid to the{{c1::α-aminogroup::… group}} of the next amino acid

Answer 240

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 241

{{c1::Enzymes}} are reusable<b>catalysts</b> that are<u>unchangedby the reactionsthey catalyze</u>

Answer 241

<div>Catalyze both the forward and reverse reactions<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 242

<i>Exergonic</i> reactions {{c1::release::require or release}} energy

Answer 242

<div>-∆G<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 243

<u>Endergonic</u>reactions {{c1::require::require or release}} energy

Answer 243

+∆G<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 244

A/an {{c1::oxidoreductase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes<i>REDOX</i> reactions that involve the transfer of electrons

Answer 244

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 245

<div>A/an {{c1::transferase::type of enzyme}} <b>moves a functional group</b> from one molecule to another<br></br></div>

Answer 245

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 246

A/an {{c1::hydrolase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes cleavage <u>with the addition of H₂O</u>

Answer 246

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 247

<div>A/an {{c1::lyase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes cleavage without the addition of<i> H₂O</i> andwithout the transfer of<b> electrons</b></div>

Answer 247

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 248

<div>A/an {{c1::isomerase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes the <i>interconversion of isomers</i></div>

Answer 248

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 249

A/an {{c1::ligase::type of enzyme}} <b>joins two large biomolecules</b>, often of the same type

Answer 249

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 250

<div>A/an {{c1::lipase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes the <i>hydrolysis of fats</i></div>

Answer 250

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 251

A/an {{c1::kinase::type of enzyme}}<i>adds</i><b> </b>a phosphate group <b>from ATP</b> to a substrate

Answer 251

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 252

A/an {{c1::phosphatase::type of enzyme}}<u>removes</u> a phosphate group

Answer 252

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 253

<div>A/an {{c1::phosphorylase::type of enzyme}} <i>adds</i> a phosphate group from an <u>inorganic phosphate</u>like HPO₄to a substrate</div>

Answer 253

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 254

A<b>Michaelis-Menten</b> curve is {{c1::hyperbolic::shape}}

Answer 254

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 255

{{c1::K_m}}is the <u>substrate concentration</u> that gives you a reaction<i> </i>rate that is<i>halfway to V_max</i>

Answer 255

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 256

{{c1::V_max}}is the <b>maximum rate</b> at which an enzyme can catalyze areaction

Answer 256

<div>This is when <u>all enzyme active sites aresaturated</u> with substrate<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div>_<img></img></div><div>_<br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div></div>

Question 257

<div>The <b>Michaelis–Menten equation</b> is:</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 257

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 258

<div><b>Cooperative</b> enzymes display a {{c1::sigmoidal::shape}} curve</div>

Answer 258

Sigmoidal because of the change inactivity following initial substrate binding<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 259

{{c1::Cooperative binding}} is when the binding of the first molecule of B to A <i>changes the binding affinity</i> of the second B molecule, making it more or less likely to bind

Answer 259

<div>Results in a sigmoidal curve</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 260

The {{c1::active site::part of enzyme}} is the <i>site of catalysis</i>

Answer 260

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 261

The {{c1::lock and key theory::… theory}} states that the enzyme and substrate are <u>exactly complementary</u>and fit together like a key into a lock

Answer 261

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 262

The {{c1::induced fit theory::… theory}} states that the enzyme and substrate undergo <i>conformationalchanges</i>in order to interact fully

Answer 262

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 263

A/an {{c1::cofactor}} is a <i>metal cation</i>that is required by some enzymes

Answer 263

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 264

A/an {{c1::cofactor or coenzyme}} is an <b>organic molecule</b>that is required by some enzymes<br></br>

Answer 264

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 265

{{c1::Feedback inhibition::… inhibition}} of an enzyme is when an enzyme is <i>inhibited</i> by high levels of a <b>productfrom later in thesame pathway</b>

Answer 265

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 266

<div><div>A/an {{c1::competitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} <i>binds at theactive site</i>and thus prevents thesubstrate from binding</div></div>

Answer 266

<div>Can be overcome by adding more substrate<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 267

<div>A/an {{c1::uncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} binds only with the<u>enzyme-substratecomplex</u></div>

Answer 267

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 268

A/an {{c1::noncompetitive inhibitor::… inhibitor}} <b>binds at theallosteric site</b>, away from the active site

Answer 268

<div>It does <i>not</i> prevent the substrate frombinding to the active site<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 269

In <i>competitive inhibition</i>:<div><br></br></div><div>V_max: {{c1::has no change}}</div><div>K_m: {{c1::goes up}}</div>

Answer 269

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 270

In<u>uncompetitive inhibition</u>:<div><br></br></div><div><div>V_max: {{c1::goes down}}</div><div>K_m: {{c1::goes down}}</div></div>

Answer 270

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 271

In<b>noncompetitive inhibition</b>:<div><br></br></div><div><div>V_max: {{c1::goes down}}</div><div>K_m: {{c1::has no change}}</div></div>

Answer 271

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 272

<img></img><div><br></br><div><u>Lineweaver-Burk Plot</u>:</div><div><br></br></div><div>X-intercept = {{c1::-1/K_m}}</div><div>Y-intercept = {{c1::1/V_max}}</div><div>Ratio indicated by the slope = {{c1::K_m/V_max}}<br></br></div></div>

Answer 272

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 273

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::competitive inhibitor::… inhibitor}}</div>

Answer 273

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 274

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::uncompetitive inhibitor::… inhibitor}}</div></div>

Answer 274

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 275

<img></img><div><br></br><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::noncompetitive inhibitor::… inhibitor}}</div></div>

Answer 275

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 276

Lineweaver-Burk plots are described as <b>double reciprocal</b> plots because the <i>X-intercept</i> is {{c1::-1/K_m}} and the <u>Y-intercept</u> is {{c1::1/V_max}}; both of them reciprocals

Answer 276

<img></img><div><br></br><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 277

<div>An <i>irreversible inhibitor</i>is any inhibitor that{{c1::covalently binds}}to the active site of some enzyme, thus eliminating its activity</div>

Answer 277

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 278

{{c1::Suicide inhibition::… inhibition}} is an irreversible form of enzymeinhibitionthat occurs when an enzyme binds a <i>substrate analog</i> and forms an <u>irreversible complex</u>

Answer 278

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 279

A/an {{c1::allosteric effector::… effector}} binds at the <i>allosteric site</i> and induces a change in theconformation of the enzyme so the<b>substrate can nolonger bindto the active site</b>

Answer 279

<div><u>Positive Effectors</u>: Activity goes <u>up</u><br></br></div>

<div><i>Negative Effectors</i>: Activity goes <i>down</i></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 280

A/an {{c1::homotropic effector::… effector}} is an allosteric regulator thatis <u>also the</u><u>substrate</u>

Answer 280

<div>Example:O₂ is a homotropic allosteric regulator of hemoglobin<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 281

A/an {{c1::heterotropic effector::… effector}} is an allosteric regulator molecule that is<i>different from thesubstrate</i>

Answer 281

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 282

{{c1::Phosphorylation}}is the chemical <u>addition</u> <u>of a phosphoryl group</u> (PO₃^-) to an organic molecule

Answer 282

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 283

{{c1::Glycosylation}} is the chemical <b>addition of a carbohydrate</b>

Answer 283

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 284

{{c1::Zymogens}} are <b>precursors to an enzyme</b>

Answer 284

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 285

The <u>Michaelis-Menten</u>reaction scheme is:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 285

<div><b>E</b> = <b>enzyme</b></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><u>S</u> = <u>substrate</u></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><i>ES</i> =<i>enzyme-substrate complex</i></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><b>K₁</b>= the <b>binding of the enzyme to the substrate</b> forming the enzyme substrate complex</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><u>K₂</u> = the <u>catalytic rate</u>; the catalysis reaction producing the final reaction product and regenerating the free enzyme. This is the rate limiting step.</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 286

{{c1::Structural proteins::.. proteins}} compose the<b>cytoskeleton</b>,<b>anchoring proteins</b>, andmuch of the<b>extracellular matrix</b>

Answer 286

<div>The most commonstructural proteins are:</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><u>Collagen</u></div>

<div><u>Elastin</u></div>

<div><u>Keratin</u></div>

<div><u>Actin</u></div>

<div><u>Tubulin</u></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 287

{{c1::Motor proteins::… proteins}} convert chemical energy into <i>mechanical work</i> by the hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 287

<div>Commonapplications include:</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><b>Muscle contraction</b></div>

<div><b>Vesicle movement</b></div>

<div><b>Cell motility</b></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Examples include:</div>

<div><i><br></br></i></div>

<div><i>Myosin</i></div>

<div><i>Kinesin</i></div>

<div><i>Dynein</i><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><i><img></img></i></div>

<div><i><br></br></i></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 288

A/an {{c1::binding protein::… protein}}is anyproteinthat acts as an agent to<b>bindtwo or more molecules together</b>

Answer 288

Examples include:<div><br></br></div><div><u>DNA-binding protein</u></div><div><u>Single-strandbinding protein</u></div><div><u>Telomere-binding protein</u><br></br></div><div><u><br></br></u></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 289

<div>{{c1::Cell AdhesionMolecules}} allow cells to <i>bind to other cells or surfaces</i></div>

Answer 289

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 290

{{c1::Cadherins::Type of proteins}} are calcium dependent glycoproteins that<u>hold similar cells together</u>

Answer 290

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 291

{{c1::Integrins::Type of proteins}} havetwo <u>membrane-spanning chains</u>andpermit cells to <b>adhere to proteins</b> in the extracellularmatrix

Answer 291

<img></img><div><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 292

{{c1::Selectins::Type of proteins}} allow cells to <i>adhere to carbohydrates</i> onthe surfaces of other cells and are most commonlyused in the <b>immune system</b>

Answer 292

<img></img><div><br></br><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 293

{{c1::Antibodies}} are used by the immune system totarget a specific<i>antigen</i>, which may be a protein onthe surface of a <b>pathogen or a toxin</b>

Answer 293

<div>Antibodies are also known as <u>immunoglobulins</u></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy</a><br></br></div>

Question 294

{{c1::Ion channels}}are protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the <i>passage ofions</i>from one side of the membrane to the other<br></br>

Answer 294

<div>Examples of ion channels include:</div>

<div><i><br></br></i></div>

<div><u>Ungated channels(always open)<br></br></u></div>

<div><div><u>mechanically-gated channels</u></div><div><u>voltage-gated channels</u></div><div><u>ligand-gated channels</u></div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><i><img></img></i></div>

<div><i><br></br></i></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 295

<b>Ungated</b> ion channels are {{c1::always::sometimes or always}} open

Answer 295

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 296

{{c1::Voltage-gated channels::… channels}} open within a range of<u>membrane potentials</u>

Answer 296

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 297

<div>{{c1::Ligand-gated channels::... channels}} open in the presence of a<i>specific binding substance</i>, usually a hormone orneurotransmitter</div>

Answer 297

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 298

<div><b>Enzyme-linked receptors</b> participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligandbinding and initiation of{{c1::2nd messengercascades}}</div>

Answer 298

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 299

<div>{{c1::G protein-coupled receptors}}<b>detectmoleculesoutside thecell</b>then activate <u>internalsignal transductionpathways</u> and, ultimately, cellular responses</div>

Answer 299

<div>The 1st messenger ligandinitiates the <u>2nd messenger</u> and the cascade response<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 300

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>The <i>1st messenger</i> in the above example of a G-protein coupled receptor is {{c1::epinephrine}}</div>

Answer 300

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 301

{{c1::Vectors}} are physical quantities that have both<i>magnitude</i>and<b>direction</b>

Answer 301

<div><div>Examples: displacement, velocity,acceleration, and force<br></br></div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 302

{{c1::Scalars}} are quantities that haveonly a <i>magnitude</i>

Answer 302

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 303

For <u>vector addition</u>, use the {{c1::tip-to-tail}} method, or you can break the vector into its<b>component parts</b> and use the {{c1::Pythagorean Theorem}}

Answer 303

<div>Tip-to-Tip Method:<br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Pythagorean Theorem Method:<br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 304

<div>For <b>vector</b> <b>subtraction</b>, you must change the {{c1::direction}}of the subtracted vector and thendo a <i>tip-to-tail addition</i></div>

Answer 304

<div><div>Tip-to-Tip Method:<br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 305

<div><u>Free body diagrams</u> are representations of the {{c1::forces}} acting on an object</div>

Answer 305

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 306

<div>{{c1::Translational equilibrium::... equilibrium}} occurs in the absence of any net <b>forces</b> acting on an object</div>

Answer 306

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 307

<div>{{c1::Rotational equilibrium::... equilibrium}} occurs in theabsenceof anynet <i>torques</i>acting on anobject</div>

Answer 307

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 308

<i>Displacement</i> is path{{c1::independent::dependent or independent}}

Answer 308

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 309

<b>Distance</b> is path{{c1::dependent::dependent or independent}}

Answer 309

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 310

<i>Velocity</i> is a {{c1::vector::vector or scalar}} and includes both {{c1::magnitude}} and {{c1::direction}}

Answer 310

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 311

<b>Speed</b> is a {{c1::vector::vector or scalar}} and includes only the {{c1::magnitude of the rate of change}}

Answer 311

<div><div><div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>

Question 312

A/an {{c1::force}} is any <b>push or pull</b> that has the potential to result in an<i>acceleration</i>

Answer 312

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 313

{{c1::Gravity}} is the <u>attractive force</u> between two objects as a result oftheir <u>masses</u>

Answer 313

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 314

{{c1::Friction}} is a force that <i>opposes motion</i> as a function of<b>electrostaticinteractions</b>at the surfaces between two objects

Answer 314

<div><i>Static</i> friction = <i>stationary</i> object<br></br></div>

<div><u>Kinetic</u> friction = <u>sliding</u> object</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 315

{{c1::Mass}} is a measure of the inertia of an object; its<i>amount ofmaterial</i>

Answer 315

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 316

{{c1::Weight}} is theforceexperienced by a given mass due to the<b>gravitational</b> attractionto the Earth

Answer 316

<div><img></img><br></br></div>

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div></div>

Question 317

{{c1::Acceleration}} is the <u>vector</u> representation of the <b>change in velocity</b> over<i>time</i>

Answer 317

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 318

{{c1::Torque}} is a twisting force that causes <i>rotation</i>

Answer 318

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 319

Newton’s first law of motion<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same directionunless acted upon by a net force > 0}}</div>

Answer 319

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 320

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <u>final velocity</u> as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 320

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 321

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>final velocity</u> as a function of displacement, initial velocity, and acceleration:</div><div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 321

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 322

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>displacement</b> as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 322

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 323

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>centripetal acceleration</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 323

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 324

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>centripetal force</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 324

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 325

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>initial</i> <i>velocity in the X direction</i> in a projectile motion problem:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 325

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 326

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <u>initial velocity in the Y direction</u> in a projectile motion problem:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 326

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 327

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>force</b> as a function of mass and acceleration:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 327

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 328

Give the equation for <b>Newton’s 3rd law of motion</b>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 328

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 329

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <u>force of</u> <u>friction</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 329

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 330

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <b>force of gravity between two masses</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 330

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 331

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <i>force of gravity</i> (weight) as a function of mass and gravitational acceleration:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 331

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 332

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>torque</b>:</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 332

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 333

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>work</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 333

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 334

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>power</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 334

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 335

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <u>kinetic energy</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 335

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 336

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>elastic potential energy</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 336

<div>Elastic potential energy = (1/2) x (spring constant) x (degree ofstretch or compression of a spring squared)<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 337

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <u>potential energy of an object at a certain height</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 337

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 338

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <i>potential gravitational energy between two masses</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 338

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 339

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <b>force of gravity </b>on an object that sits on an inclined plane:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 339

<div>"Sin is sliding down the slide"<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 340

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <u>normal force</u> on an object that sits on an incline plane:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 340

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 341

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <i>force of friction</i> on an object that sits on an inclined plane:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 341

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 342

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <i>change in internal energy of a system</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 342

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 343

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <b>internal energy</b> of an ideal gas system:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 343

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 344

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>work done on a gas by an outside force</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 344

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume)<br></br></div>

<div><div><div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>

Question 345

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>heat released or absorbed by a system</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 345

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 346

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>heat transferred during a phase change</b> (heat of transformation):<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 346

<div>Heat = mass x (latent heat)<br></br></div>

<div><b><br></br></b></div>

<div><u>Latent heat</u> is a term for the enthalpy of an isothermal process<br></br><div><br></br></div><div>We need a different formula to calculate q during a phase change because ∆T = 0. If we used q = MC∆T, we'd erroneously think q = 0</div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 347

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <u>Gibb's free energy</u> as a function of enthalpy, entropy, and temperature:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 347

<div>Gibbs free energy = (change enthalpy) - (temperature) x (change in entropy)<br></br></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 348

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>heat of reaction</i> as a function of product and reactant enthalpies:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 348

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 349

Give the equation for the <b>ideal gas law</b>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 349

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 350

Give the <u>Henderson–Hasselbalch equation</u>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 350

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 351

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>molarity</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 351

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 352

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <u>molality</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 352

<div><img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 353

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>pH</i> as a function of proton concentration:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 353

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 354

<div>Give the formula for the<u>dilution of a solution</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 354

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 355

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the formula for <u>osmotic pressure</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 355

<div>i=van't Hoff factor<br></br></div>

<div><div>M= molarity</div><div>R = gas constant</div><div>T= temperature in Kelvin</div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 356

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <u>freezing point depression</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 356

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 357

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>boiling point elevation</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 357

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 358

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>mole fraction</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 358

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 359

<div>Give the equation for <u>period of a wave</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 359

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 360

Give the equation for <i>Snell’s law</i>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 360

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>

Question 361

Give the formula for <b>index of refraction</b>:<div><br></br><div></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div></div>

Answer 361

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 362

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for energy of a photon:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 362

<div><div>E = energy of a photon</div>h =Planck’s Constant<div>c = speed of light</div><div>λ = wavelength</div><div>f = photon frequency</div><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>

<div><div></div></div>

Question 363

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for<b>magnification of a lens</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 363

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 364

Give the <i>thin lens equation</i>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 364

<div>f = focal length<br></br></div>

<div>d_i= distance of image</div>

<div>d_o= distance of object</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 365

Give the <b>Rydberg formula</b>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 365

<div>Used to determine the <u>wavelength</u> of light emitted or absorbed after an electron moves between energy levels</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 366

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the formula for <i>intensity of sound</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 366

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 367

Give the equation for the length of a<u>wave</u>in a pipe that has<i>one closed end</i>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 367

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 368

Give the equation for the length of a <u>wave</u> in a pipe that has <b>twoopen ends</b>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 368

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 369

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <i>frequency of a beat</i> created by two sound waves that are of different frequency:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 369

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 370

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the observed frequency during the <b>doppler effect</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 370

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 371

Give the equation for<i>density</i>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 371

<a>YouTube Link</a><br></br>

Question 372

Give the equation for<u>pressure</u>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 372

<div>Pressure = force / area</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Pressure is exerted by a fluid on thewalls of its container and on objects placed in the fluid</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 373

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <u>pressure in a fluid</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 373

<div>Absolute Pressure = (pressure at the surface of the fluid) + (pressuredue to the fluid's weight)<br></br></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 374

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>buoyant force</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 374

<div><div>If F_B> m_object, then the object floats</div><div>If F_B<m_object, then the object sinks</div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 375

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>volumetric flow rate</b>:</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 375

<div>Thevolumeof fluid which passes per unit time<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy</a><br></br></div>

Question 376

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 376

<div>Potential energy = (charge of particle) x (electric potential)</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 377

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <u>force between two charged particles</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 377

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 378

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for the <i>magnitude of the electric field created by a point charge</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 378

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 379

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for electric potential at a point in space:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 379

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 380

<div>Give the equation for<i>magnetic force of a moving point charge</i>:<br></br></div>

<div><div><div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div></div></div>

Answer 380

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 381

Give the equation for<u>magnetic force of a current carrying wire</u>:<div><br></br><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div></div>

Answer 381

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 382

Give theOhm’s law equation:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 382

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 383

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>electric field strength in a capacitor</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 383

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 384

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>charge stored in a capacitor</i>as a function of capacitance and voltage:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 384

<div>Charge = capacitance x (voltage across capacitor)<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 385

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <i>capacitance</i> that includes area and distance:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 385

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 386

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <b>potential energy of a capacitor</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 386

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

<br></br>

Question 387

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <u>cell potential</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 387

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Chem Libre Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 388

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for<i>resistance</i>through a material:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 388

<div>p = resistivity<br></br></div>

<div>L = length of resistor</div>

<div>A = cross sectional area<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

<div></div>

Question 389

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for <u>voltage of an alternating current</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 389

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 390

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Give the equation for<b>current when using alternating current</b>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 390

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 391

Give the equation for total <i>resistance</i> when the resistors are in <i>series</i>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 391

<div>Resistance is additive when in series. Sum together to create a large total resistance of a circuit<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 392

<div>Give the equation for total <i>resistance</i> when the resistors are in<u>parallel</u>:<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 392

<div>When in parallel, the total resistance will<i>always be less</i>than the value of thesmallest resistor<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 393

Give the equation for total<b>capacitance</b> when the capacitors are in<i>series</i>:<br></br><div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 393

<div>When capacitors are in series, the total capacitance will<u>always be less</u>than the value of thesmallest capacitor<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 394

Give the equation for total<b>capacitance</b> when the capacitors are in<u>parallel</u>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 394

<div>Capacitance is additive when in parallel. Sum together to create a large total capacitance of a circuit<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 395

<b>Avogadro’s number</b> = {{c1::6.02 x 10²³}}

Answer 395

<img></img><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 396

Give the value of the <i>gas constant, R</i>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 396

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 397

Give the value of Planck’s constant, h:<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 397

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 398

The <u>density of water</u> is:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 398

<img></img><br></br>

Question 399

The <u>speed of light</u> in a vacuum is:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 399

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br>

Question 400

Faraday’s constant is:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 400

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 401

The<b> </b>units for <b>Newton </b>are:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 401

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 402

The units for<u>Joule</u> are:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 402

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 403

The units for<i>Pascal</i> are:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 403

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 404

The units for <i>volt</i> are:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 404

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 405

The units for <b>ohm</b> are:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 405

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 406

The units for <i>amp</i> are:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 406

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 407

The units for <u>Farad</u> are:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 407

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 408

The units for <u>watt</u> are:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 408

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 409

Newton’s second law of motion<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::Any acceleration is the result a net force > 0}}<br></br></div>

Answer 409

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 410

Newton’s third law of motion<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction}}<br></br></div>

Answer 410

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 411

Units for joule<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 411

<div>Joules are units of <i>energy</i></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Ajouleis the amount of work you do when you exert a force of <i>1 newton</i> to move an object a distance of <u>1 meter</u>(1 newton meter or Nm)<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 412

{{c1::Kinetic energy::… energy}} is the energy of <b>motion</b>,<b></b>observable as the movement of an object

Answer 412

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 413

{{c1::Potential energy::… energy}}is a type ofenergyan object has because of its <u>position</u>

Answer 413

The energy stored <b>within</b> a system<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 414

<div>{{c1::Gravitational potential energy::... energy}} is the<b>potential</b> an object has to <b>dowork</b>as a result of being located at a particular position in a <i>gravitational field</i></div>

Answer 414

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 415

<div>{{c1::Elastic potential energy::... energy}} iscreated when stretching or compressing an <b>elastic</b>object</div>

Answer 415

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Elastic potential energy = (1/2) x (<i>spring constant</i> ) x (<u>degree ofstretch or compression of a spring squared</u>)<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 416

<div>{{c1::Electrical potential energy::... energy}} is the energy between two <b>charged particles</b></div>

Answer 416

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 417

<div>{{c1::Chemical potential energy::...energy}} is the energy stored in the bonds of compounds</div>

Answer 417

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 418

<i>Conservative</i> forces are path{{c1::independent::dependent or independent}}

Answer 418

<div>Work is determined only by the <i>final displacement</i> of the object</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Examples: gravityand electrostatic forces</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img><br></br></div>

<div>In the above example, you would only calculate the work along the green line, it doesn't matter that the object took a roundabout way to get there</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 419

<div><b>Non-conservative</b> forces are path{{c1::dependent::dependent or independent}}</div>

Answer 419

<div>They cause <b>dissipation</b> of mechanicalenergy from a system</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Examples: friction and airresistance</div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 420

{{c1::Work}} is the process by which <b>energy is transferred</b> from one systemto another

Answer 420

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 421

{{c1::Power}} is the<i>rate</i>at which<u>work is done</u>or<b>energy is transferred</b>

Answer 421

<div>SIunit is watt (W)</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 422

<div>Give the equation for the mechanical advantage of an <u>inclined plane</u></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 422

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 423

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::Efficiency}}<br></br></div>

Answer 423

The ratio of the machine’s work<b>output</b>to work<u>input</u>whennon-conservativeforces are taken into account<br></br><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 424

{{c1::Thermal equilibrium::… equilibrium}} is when systems have the <b>same average</b> <b>kinetic energy</b> and thusthe <u>same</u> <u>temperature</u>.

Answer 424

<div><i>No heat transfer</i></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 425

{{c1::Temperature}} is the <i>average kinetic energy</i> of the particles thatmake up a substance

Answer 425

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 426

{{c1::Isolated systems::… systems}} do not exchange matter or energy with surroundings

Answer 426

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 427

{{c1::Closed systems::… systems}} will exchangeenergybut <i>not matter</i> with their surroundings

Answer 427

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 428

{{c1::Open systems::.. systems}} will exchange bothenergyandmatterwith their surroundings

Answer 428

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 429

A/an {{c1::state function::… function}} is a property that has a unique value that <b>depends only on the present state </b>of a system and <i>not</i> <i>how the state was reached</i>, nor on the history of the system

Answer 429

<div>Pressure<br></br></div>

<div>Density</div>

<div>Temperature</div>

<div>Volume</div>

<div>Enthalpy</div>

<div>Internal energy</div>

<div>Gibbs free energy</div>

<div>Entropy</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 430

<div>A/an {{c1::process function::... function}} describes the <u>pathway</u> from one equilibrium state toanother</div>

Answer 430

<div><i>Work</i> and <i>heat</i><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><i><img></img></i></div>

<div><i><br></br></i></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 431

{{c1::Heat}} is energy <i>transfer</i>between two objectsat different temperatures

Answer 431

<div>It occurs until the two objectscome into <u>thermal equilibrium</u> (reach the sametemperature)</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 432

<i>Specific heat</i> is the amount of energy necessary to {{c1::raise the temperature of one gram of substance by 1° C or 1 K}}

Answer 432

<div>Remember, temperature is average kinetic energy<br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 433

<div>{{c1::Heat of transformation}} is the amount of energy required for a <b>phase change</b> of a substance</div>

Answer 433

<div>Temperature <i>does not change</i> during the transformation</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Q = heat transferred during the phase change<br></br></div>

<div>m = mass</div>

<div>H_L= <b>latent heat</b> or <b>heat of transformation</b></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 434

<b>Isobaric</b>processes have constant {{c1::pressure}}

Answer 434

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div>

Question 435

<i>Isothermal</i>processes have constant {{c1::temperature}}

Answer 435

<img></img>{{c2::}}<div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 436

No{{c1::heat}}is exchanged in an <b>adiabatic</b> process

Answer 436

<img></img>{{c2::}}<div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br>

Question 437

<u>Isovolumetric</u>processes have constant {{c1::volume}}

Answer 437

<img></img>{{c2::}}<div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br>

Question 438

<i>Work</i> in regards to <u>expansion or compression</u> of a <b>gas</b> is calculated using the following formula:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 438

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume)<br></br></div>

<div><div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>

Question 439

{{c1::Entropy}} is ameasure of how much<b>energy has spread out</b>orhow spreadout energy has become

Answer 439

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br>

Question 440

{{c1::Reaction order}} is a number that relates the<i>rate</i>of a chemical reaction to the<u>concentrations</u>of the reacting substances

Answer 440

<div>The <b>sum</b> of all the exponents of the concentrations of substances determines the rate of the reaction</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>In the above example, the overall order = a + b</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 441

For a<b>zeroth</b> order reaction:<div><br></br></div><div>Rate Law:{{c1::<img></img>}}</div><div><br></br></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 441

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 442

For a<i>first</i> orderreaction:<div><br></br></div><div>Rate Law:{{c1::<img></img>}}</div><div><br></br></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 442

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 443

For a<u>second</u> orderreaction:<div><br></br></div><div>Rate Law:{{c1::<img></img>}}</div><div><br></br></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 443

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 444

The units for the rate constant of a<b>zeroth</b> order reaction are<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 444

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 445

The units for the rate constant of a<i>first</i> orderreaction are<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 445

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 446

The units for the rate constant of a<u>second</u> orderreaction are<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 446

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 447

<img></img><div><br></br><div>The order of this reaction is{{c1::zeroth order}}</div></div>

Answer 447

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 448

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>The order of this reaction is{{c1::first order}}</div>

Answer 448

<div><div><span><img></img></span></div><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 449

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div>The order of this reaction is{{c1::second order}}</div>

Answer 449

<div><span><img></img></span></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 450

In {{c1::decomposition}} reactions, a single reactant breaks down

Answer 450

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<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 451

{{c1::Combustion reactions}} are exothermic reactions in which something reacts with <u>oxygen</u>

Answer 451

<div>Commonly known as "burning"</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 452

A/an {{c1::neutralization}} reaction is when an acid and base react to form water and salt

Answer 452

A type of double-replacement reaction<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 453

A/an {{c1::hydrolysis}} reaction uses water to break the bonds in a molecule

Answer 453

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 454

Give the <i>Arrhenius equation</i>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 454

<div>k = rate constant<br></br></div>

<div><div>A = frequency factor</div><div>Ea = activation energy</div><div>R = gas constant</div><div>T = temperature in K</div><div><br></br><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div></div></div>

Question 455

Give the <i>Arrhenius equation</i>:<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 455

<div>You can use the Arrhenius equation to show the effect of a <u>change of temperature</u> on the <i>rate constant</i>and therefore on the <b>rate of the reaction</b></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div>k = rate constant</div><div>A = frequency factor</div><div>E_a = activation energy</div><div>R = gas constant</div><div>T = temperature in K</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a><br></br></div></div>

Question 456

If <u>temperature</u> goes up, the rate constant goes {{c1::up::up or down}} and the reaction speed goes{{c1::up::up or down}}

Answer 456

<div>This is because the exponent gets closer to 0. The exponentbecomes less negative</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 457

The {{c1::reaction quotient (Q_c)}}is ameasure of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction at <u>a given time</u>

Answer 457

<div>Exclude pure solids and liquids</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 458

You <i>exclude</i> pure solids and liquids in the reaction quotient and equilibrium constant because {{c1::their effective concentrations stay constant throughout the reaction}}

Answer 458

<div>They are disregarded and their activity is given the value of 1</div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 459

If Q < K_eq, then the reaction will move to the {{c1::right}}

Answer 459

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 460

A reaction is at equilibrium if Q ={{c1::K_eq}}

Answer 460

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 461

IfQ > K_eq, then the reaction will move to the {{c1::left}}

Answer 461

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a></div></div>

Question 462

<i>Kinetic</i> products are{{c1::higher::higher or lower}}in free energy compared to<u>thermodynamic</u>products and can form at{{c1::lower::higher or lower}} temperatures

Answer 462

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 463

<u>Thermodynamic</u>products are{{c1::lower::higher or lower}}in free energy compared to <i>kinetic</i> products and they are {{c1::more::more or less}} stable

Answer 463

<div><span><img></img></span></div>

<div><span><br></br></span></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 464

<u>Le Châtelier’s Principle</u> states that if a stress is applied to a system, the system {{c1::shifts to relieve that applied stress}}

Answer 464

<img></img><div><br></br><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 465

Standard conditions are {{c1::273}} K,{{c1::1}} atm,{{c1::1}} M

Answer 465

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 466

{{c1::Fusion}} is the phase change from solid to liquid

Answer 466

<div>Also known as "melting"</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 467

{{c1::Freezing}} is the phase change from liquid to solid

Answer 467

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 468

{{c1::Vaporization}} is the phase change form liquid to gas

Answer 468

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 469

{{c1::Sublimation}} is the phase change from solid to gas

Answer 469

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 470

Deposition is the phase change from gas to solid

Answer 470

<img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 471

<img></img><div><br></br><div>Label the phases in the phase diagram</div></div><div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 471

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 472

The point in phase diagram where all 3 phases exist is known as the {{c1::triple point}}

Answer 472

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 473

A/an {{c1::supercritical}} fluid is one in which the density of gas = density of liquid

Answer 473

<div>No distinctionbetween those two phases</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 474

{{c1::Gibbs Free Energy}}combines<b>enthalpy</b>and<i>entropy</i>into a single value andis used to determine the <u>spontaneity</u> of a reaction

Answer 474

<div>We are only concerned with changes in G, rather than its absolute value</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br><div>Gibbs free energy = (change enthalpy) - (temperature x change in entropy)</div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 475

If a reaction has a <i>positive ∆H</i> and <i>positive ∆S</i>, then it will be{{c1::spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}}at{{c1::high::high, low, or all}}temperatures

Answer 475

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<img></img><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 476

If a reaction has a<i>positive ∆H</i>and<u>negative ∆S</u>, then it will be{{c1::non-spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}}at{{c1::all::high, low, or all}}temperatures

Answer 476

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 477

If a reaction has a<u>negative ∆H</u>and<i>positive ∆S</i>, then it will be{{c1::spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}}at{{c1::all::high, low, or all}}temperatures

Answer 477

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><img></img><div><br></br></div><div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>

Question 478

If a reaction has a<u>negative ∆H</u>and<u>negative ∆S</u>, then it will be{{c1::spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}}at{{c1::low::high, low, or all}}temperatures

Answer 478

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 479

Room temperature is approximately{{c1::25°}} Celsius

Answer 479

25°C = 75°F<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>

Question 480

Body temperature is approximately{{c1::37°C}} Celsius

Answer 480

37°C = 98.6°F<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>

Question 481

{{c1::Enthalpy (H)}} is a measure of the <b>potential energy</b> of a systemfound in <u>intermolecular attractions</u> and <i>chemicalbonds</i>

Answer 481

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 482

Phase changes from solid → liquid → gas are {{c1::endothermic::endothermic or exothermic}}

Answer 482

<div>Gases have more heat energy than liquids andliquids have more heat energy than solids</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>YouTube Link</a>

Question 483

Phase changes from gas → liquid → solid are {{c1::exothermic::endothermic or exothermic}}

Answer 483

<div>Thesereactions <u>release</u> heat energy</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 484

Give the formula for ∆H when using<i>heat of formations</i><div><i><br></br></i></div><div><i>{{c1::<img></img>}}</i></div>

Answer 484

<div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 485

Give the formula for ∆H when using<i></i><b>bond dissociation energies</b><div><i><br></br></i></div><div><i>{{c1::<img></img>}}</i></div>

Answer 485

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 486

{{c1::Entropy}} is ameasure of how much <b>energy has spread out</b> orhow spreadout energy has become

Answer 486

<div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 487

Give the formula for the standard entropy of reaction<div><br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 487

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 488

Give the <b>Gibbs Free Energy</b> equation that uses the equilibrium constant K_eq<div>_<br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 488

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 489

Give the <b>Gibbs Free Energy</b> equations that use the reaction quotientQ<div>_<br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div><div>_<br></br></div><div>{{c1::<img></img>}}</div>

Answer 489

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 490

If ∆G < O, the reaction will be {{c1::spontaneous}}

Answer 490

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 491

If ∆G = O, the reaction will be {{c1::at equilibrium}}

Answer 491

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<a>Khan Academy Link</a>

Question 492

If ∆G > O, the reaction will be {{c1::non-spontaneous}}

Answer 492

<div><img></img></div>

<div><div><br></br></div><a>Khan Academy Link</a></div>

Question 493

The {{c1::D and L system}} is the convention that is used to designate the configurations of<i>chiral carbons</i>

Answer 493

<div>Based on the D- and L- forms of <i>glyceraldehyde</i><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Nearly all carbohydrates innature are in the <u>D-configuration</u><br></br></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>Chem Libre Link</a></div>

Question 494

{{c1::Carbohydrates}} are”<u>hydrates of carbon</u>”

Answer 494

<div><div>Usually have the formula<b>C_m(H₂O)_n</b></div></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Example: Glucose is<b>C₆H₁₂O₆</b></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>H:O ratio is usually 2:1 due to the "hydration" with H₂O</div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div>Glucose:</div>

<div><img></img></div>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><a>YouTube Link</a></div>

Question 495

{{c1::Enantiomers}} are stereoisomers that arenon-superimposableand<u>are</u> <u>mirror images</u>of each other

Answer 495

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Question 496

A <i>chiral</i> molecule is a type of molecule that{{c1::lacks::lacks or has}} aninternal plane of symmetryand has a{{c1::non-superimposable::superimposable or non-superimposable}}mirror image

Answer 496

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Question 497

{{c1::Diastereomers}} are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable and<i>arenot mirror images</i>of each other

Answer 497

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Question 498

{{c1::Enantiomers}} <i>only come in pairs</i> because they are mirror images while there <b>can be many more than two</b> {{c1::diastereomers}} depending on the number of stereocenters

Answer 498

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Question 499

{{c1::Epimers}} are a subtype of<i>diastereomers</i>that differ at<b>exactlyonechiral carbon</b><br></br>

Answer 499

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Question 500

{{c1::Anomers}} are a subtype of<b>epimers</b>that differ at the<i>anomericcarbon</i>

Answer 500

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