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A Level Geography (OCR) > Migration (Topic 3) > Flashcards

Migration (Topic 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is migration?

A
  • Movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently in new the location
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2
Q

What is International Migration?

A
  • When people migrate from one country to another
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3
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A
  • People that move from one country to another in order to advance their economic and professional prospects
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4
Q

What is a refugee?

A
  • A person who has been forced to leave their country due to war, violence and persecution or disaster
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5
Q

What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

A
  • Someone who has been forced to flee their home but never cross an international border
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6
Q

What is an asylum seeker?

A
  • A person who is applying to stay in another country because they cannot return to their own, but hasn’t been given refugee status yet
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7
Q

What is net migration?

A
  • the difference in number of immigrants and emigrants
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8
Q

What is emigration?

A

leaving a country (i.e from a UK perspective - moving out of the UK to Australia)

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9
Q

What is immigration?

A
  • moving into a country (i.e from a UK perspective - someone moving from Poland into the UK)
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10
Q

What are ‘remittances’?

A

the transfer of money from a migrant back to their home country, often to family members

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11
Q

What is intra-regional migration?

A

migration WITHIN a region (i.e within the region of Europe - from Germany to Italy, Sweden to the UK)

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12
Q

What is inter-regional migration?

A

migration BETWEEN regions (i.e migration between region of Africa and Europe)

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13
Q

What are social remittances?

A

where migrants send home ideas and values that might be adopted in their home country (i.e greater gender equality, democracy, freedom of the press)

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14
Q

What are examples of physical ‘intervening obstacles’

A

oceans, rivers, rivers, mountain ranges, climate

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15
Q

What are examples of economic/social/cultural intervening obstacles?

A

economic - lack of capital, travel costs
social - language barriers, illiteracy
cultural - restrictions on movement for women, religious diff

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16
Q

What are examples of political ‘intervening obstacles’?

A

border closures, VISAs, government policy (i.e bans on certain groups - i.e Muslim ban to U.S)

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17
Q

What is a diaspora?

A

an ethnic or national group that has spread from homeland

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18
Q

How does the Schengen Agreement affect migration?

A

Schengen Agreement = Lack of national borders in European countries - allows freedom of movement - removes intervening obstacles.
BUT some countries not in Schengen Area (i.e. Russia, Ireland)

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19
Q

Definition of Intervening Obstacle

A

physical, economic, social or political factors that disrupt (in some times stop) migration between origin and destination

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20
Q

Non-economic reasons for intra-regional migration in EU (4)

A

education (to study), joining family, retiring or return flows to source country

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21
Q

What is the Central Mediterranena Route and numbers of people at highest migrating?

A

Inter-regional migration from Libyan ports to southern Italy
peaked during the European Migrant Crisis in 2015. As many as 180k people a year arrived by sea in Italy in mid 2010s (down to 40k now) - with 22k deaths on route since 2014

22
Q

Which are the top countries of origin for UK immigrants?

A

India, Poland, Pakistan, Ireland, Germany, Bangladesh, USA.

23
Q

Which are the top host countries that UK migrants are emigrating too?

A

Australia, Canada, Spain, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland.

24
Q

What are 4 main reasons for long term immigration to the UK?

A

work & study (makes up 70% of all immigrants).
Also family reunification and humanitarian protection - last group is very small less than 5%

25
Q

What are main reasons for long term emigration away from UK?

A

Employment (often high skilled jobs/managerial positions) , retirement (high prices in U.K for houses/poor weather) and family reunification

26
Q

What is the ‘multiplier effect’ in relation to Migration?

A

when economic growth creates additional employment as its people have money to spend on goods and services. This leads to further economic growth and more emploment

27
Q

In which ‘category’ of countries (give actual examples) do remittances account for higher % of gdp?

A

LIDCs (i.e Nepal, Haiti) and EDCS (i.e Mexico, India, Poland)

28
Q

What does HDI stand for and compose?

A

The UN’s Human Development Index (HDI) - incorporating social and economic indicies for life expectancy, education and GDP per capita

29
Q

Example of remittances to LIDC accounting for higher % of GDP than in an AC

A

2019, $6.88bn sent to USA = <0.1% of GDP // Haiti received much less ($3.27bn) = 37.1% of GDP

30
Q

What is the HDI of USA compared to Haiti?

A

USA = 0.92; Haiti = 0.503

31
Q

How migration promotes ‘stability’? (3 ideas)

A

1) Social remittances (new idea like democracy) brought home can increase peacebuilding

2)youthful migrants can lead to pop growth and balance out ageing pop

3)Remittances = Supply of regular money to stabilise the economy

32
Q

How migration promotes ‘economic growth’? ( 4 ideas)

A

1) Migrants contribute to GDP/pay taxes

2)As consumers in local economies. New markets created by demand for proiducts from ‘home’.

3) Fill skills gap in the economy

4)Remittances stimulate spending in source country - local investment /multiplier effects

33
Q

How migration promotes ‘development’? (3 ideas)

A

1) Skills gained abroad can be applied when migrants return

2) Diaspora networks help allow easy flow of resources /ideas between countries - through both personal/professional link

3) UN migration and development projects between partner countries to make migration more stable and help people set up opportunities on returning home

34
Q

How has technology helped aid migration and promote stability/growth/development? [4]

A

1) Monetary transfers easier due to online banking, internet banking and smartphones = easier to send remittances

2) Social media means migrants can communicate with people in source countries = ‘social’ remittances can be sent back (ideas/values) which develop source country

3)Smartphones used to help migrants talk to migrants who have already migrated - safety advice, information, navigation and even translation = reducing intervening obstacles

4) Drones/satellites help monitor movement = people can be helped if trouble = prevent death/trafficking

35
Q

Examples of global organisations taking action to make migration safer to promote development

A

(i.e Startfinder advisory centres in Germany and source countries/ ILO setting up job fairs in Laos to reduce trafficking / provide clear advice)

36
Q

How migration causes inequalities? [3]

A

1) Lose youngest members of labour force = can lead to economic downtown on national/regional/ local level

2) Could lead to birth rate decline in source country and birth rate gain in host country as young people move

3) Some families do not receive remittances = inequality between households who recieve it and those who don’t

37
Q

How migration causes conflicts? [4]

A

1) Host communities vs ‘newcomers’; conflict over differences in religion, race, language

2) Conflict due to competition or ‘percieved’ competition for jobs with host communities

3) Pressure on services in areas where migrants populations are concentrated (i.e immigrants in California ‘blamed’ for pressure on roads, schools and water supplies)

4) Borders can be conflict areas - i.e authorities vs illegal migrants or traffickers (i.e Mexico-USA border - Trumps Wall)

38
Q

How can migration cause injustices? [3]

A

1) Some migrants often vulnerable - many likely to be trafficked or sent into forced labour

2)Asylum seekers often held in detention centres with poor food/sanitation and unable to work - often for long periods

3) Refugees who have been displaced often face injustice in the form of poor shelter, food, medical care in refugee camps - whilst facing the risk of being sent to country of origin

39
Q

How has limits to technology and other barriers caused inequalities in migration? [2]

A

1) Lack of access to technology (i.e smartphones/computers) can restrict the amount of remittances received /social remittances received esp. in rural communities

2) Authoritarian governments can restrict information/broadband speeds which means potential migrants cannot find vital information about migrating or communicate with migrants who have already left

40
Q

Which country has a pro-emigration policy? Main reasons for this policy?

A

Pakistan. Main reason: remittances as they are a EDC with young population

41
Q

Which country has a pro-immigration policy? Main reasons for this policy?

A

Canada.

Main reason: fill skills gap in labour force (esp engingeers, IT specialists, healthcare workers). Points system used: younger, high skilled migrants and those who choose to live in remote areas of Canada (i.e Saskatchewan rather than Toronto ) gain more points

42
Q

How has Pakistan helped encourage emigration? [4]

A

1) Govt website that gives advice (Bureau of Emigration), lists jobs and background checks employers in host countries

2) Schools for children of emigrants in Pakistan = get good education whilst parents migrate

3) Govt work with International Labour Organisation to set up National Emigration policy to monitor human rights of emigrants & promote female migration

4) Community Attaches in 18 host countries - help find jobs for Pakistanis in host country

43
Q

How has economic change made migration more complex in 21st century? [2]

A

1) Emerging economies in Global South has increased South-South migration (now equal to South-North migration)

2) Globalised economy = more interconnected and therefore so are our labour forces

44
Q

Examples of recent migration patterns related to economic change - inter-regional examples? [2]

A

1) High skilled Chinese, Brazilian and Indian workers to the USA - especially in STEM fields

2) High demand for labour in Gulf States = migration from Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia especially those working in oil-producing industries and as domestic workers

45
Q

Examples of recent migration patterns related to economic change - intra-regional examples? [3]

A

1) Increased migration in ASEAN states - host countries are emerging Singapore,Thailand and Malaysia and source countries are LIDCs Myanmar, Laos etc. Lots of low skilled labour migrating to feed the economies in manufacturing etc

2) ‘Southern Cone’ migration from Bolivia/Peru to Argentina/Chile etc in MERCOSUR

3) Lots of EU migrants ‘returning’ to source countries after working abroad i.e Poles from U.K returning to Poland

46
Q

Examples of recent migration patterns related to economic change - internal examples?

A

1) Lots of internal migration in EDCS - rural to urban to fuel economies in major cities (i.e east to west in China or from rural north to SE cities of Rio in Brazil)

47
Q

Why are South-South flows now equal to South-North? [4]

A

1) Restrictive barriers for those in South trying to get North (i.e fences built on Bulgaria-Turkey border)

2) Growing economies in the South = easily accessible opporunities

3) Lower costs to move to neighbouring country than to a distant North country

4) Better communications is more awareness of South opportunities (i.e smartphones, disapora networks)

48
Q

What ways has migration got more complex in 21st century [4]

A

1) Emergence of new source and host countries

2) Greater number of younger AND female migrants

3) South-South migration has increased

4) An increase in the number of refugees due to conflict

49
Q

Reasons for increase in refugees globally? [4]

A

1) Conflict (i.e Syria)

2) Violation of human rights/discrimination (i.e Rohingha Muslims in Myanmar)

3) Economic hardship in countries (i.e forced slavery) has forced people to leave

4) Impacts of natural hazards (i.e earthquakes and hurricanes in Haiti)

50
Q

Reasons why female migration has increased? [3]

A

1) Better access to education/rights for many women = not just seen as caregivers but as economic migrants in both low and high skilled jobs

2) Discrimination/Lack of opportunities in source country (i.e patriarchy, limited employment opp for educated women)

3) Still many women migrate for family reasons (i.e as wives or to reunite with families)

51
Q

How do patterns of female international migration differ between regions?

A

Higher rate of female migration from AC countries - particularly North America & Europe where it is over 50%. Lower female migration in lots Africa and in some parts of Asia (i.e. Bangladesh is as low as 13%)

52
Q

What is a ‘circulating workforce’?

A

workers emigrate, work for a few years sending home remittances and then eventually return permanently

A Level Geography (OCR) (11 decks)

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