Migration (Topic 3) Flashcards

Question

What are main reasons for long term emigration away from UK?

Answer 1

Employment (often high skilled jobs/managerial positions) , retirement (high prices in U.K for houses/poor weather) and family reunification

Answer 2

when economic growth creates additional employment as its people have money to spend on goods and services. This leads to further economic growth and more emploment

Answer 3

LIDCs (i.e Nepal, Haiti) and EDCS (i.e Mexico, India, Poland)

Answer 4

The UN's Human Development Index (HDI) - incorporating social and economic indicies for life expectancy, education and GDP per capita

Answer 5

2019, $6.88bn sent to USA = <0.1% of GDP // Haiti received much less ($3.27bn) = 37.1% of GDP

Answer 6

USA = 0.92; Haiti = 0.503

Answer 7

1) Social remittances (new idea like democracy) brought home can increase peacebuilding 2)youthful migrants can lead to pop growth and balance out ageing pop 3)Remittances = Supply of regular money to stabilise the economy

Answer 8

1) Migrants contribute to GDP/pay taxes 2)As consumers in local economies. New markets created by demand for proiducts from 'home'. 3) Fill skills gap in the economy 4)Remittances stimulate spending in source country - local investment /multiplier effects

Answer 9

1) Skills gained abroad can be applied when migrants return 2) Diaspora networks help allow easy flow of resources /ideas between countries - through both personal/professional link 3) UN migration and development projects between partner countries to make migration more stable and help people set up opportunities on returning home

Answer 10

1) Monetary transfers easier due to online banking, internet banking and smartphones = easier to send remittances 2) Social media means migrants can communicate with people in source countries = 'social' remittances can be sent back (ideas/values) which develop source country 3)Smartphones used to help migrants talk to migrants who have already migrated - safety advice, information, navigation and even translation = reducing intervening obstacles 4) Drones/satellites help monitor movement = people can be helped if trouble = prevent death/trafficking

Answer 11

(i.e Startfinder advisory centres in Germany and source countries/ ILO setting up job fairs in Laos to reduce trafficking / provide clear advice)

Answer 12

1) Lose youngest members of labour force = can lead to economic downtown on national/regional/ local level 2) Could lead to birth rate decline in source country and birth rate gain in host country as young people move 3) Some families do not receive remittances = inequality between households who recieve it and those who don't

Answer 13

1) Host communities vs 'newcomers'; conflict over differences in religion, race, language 2) Conflict due to competition or 'percieved' competition for jobs with host communities 3) Pressure on services in areas where migrants populations are concentrated (i.e immigrants in California 'blamed' for pressure on roads, schools and water supplies) 4) Borders can be conflict areas - i.e authorities vs illegal migrants or traffickers (i.e Mexico-USA border - Trumps Wall)

Answer 14

1) Some migrants often vulnerable - many likely to be trafficked or sent into forced labour 2)Asylum seekers often held in detention centres with poor food/sanitation and unable to work - often for long periods 3) Refugees who have been displaced often face injustice in the form of poor shelter, food, medical care in refugee camps - whilst facing the risk of being sent to country of origin

Answer 15

1) Lack of access to technology (i.e smartphones/computers) can restrict the amount of remittances received /social remittances received esp. in rural communities 2) Authoritarian governments can restrict information/broadband speeds which means potential migrants cannot find vital information about migrating or communicate with migrants who have already left

Answer 16

Pakistan. Main reason: remittances as they are a EDC with young population

Answer 17

Canada. Main reason: fill skills gap in labour force (esp engingeers, IT specialists, healthcare workers). Points system used: younger, high skilled migrants and those who choose to live in remote areas of Canada (i.e Saskatchewan rather than Toronto ) gain more points

Answer 18

1) Govt website that gives advice (Bureau of Emigration), lists jobs and background checks employers in host countries 2) Schools for children of emigrants in Pakistan = get good education whilst parents migrate 3) Govt work with International Labour Organisation to set up National Emigration policy to monitor human rights of emigrants & promote female migration 4) Community Attaches in 18 host countries - help find jobs for Pakistanis in host country

Answer 19

1) Emerging economies in Global South has increased South-South migration (now equal to South-North migration) 2) Globalised economy = more interconnected and therefore so are our labour forces

Answer 20

1) High skilled Chinese, Brazilian and Indian workers to the USA - especially in STEM fields 2) High demand for labour in Gulf States = migration from Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia especially those working in oil-producing industries and as domestic workers

Answer 21

1) Increased migration in ASEAN states - host countries are emerging Singapore,Thailand and Malaysia and source countries are LIDCs Myanmar, Laos etc. Lots of low skilled labour migrating to feed the economies in manufacturing etc 2) 'Southern Cone' migration from Bolivia/Peru to Argentina/Chile etc in MERCOSUR 3) Lots of EU migrants 'returning' to source countries after working abroad i.e Poles from U.K returning to Poland

Answer 22

1) Lots of internal migration in EDCS - rural to urban to fuel economies in major cities (i.e east to west in China or from rural north to SE cities of Rio in Brazil)

Answer 23

1) Restrictive barriers for those in South trying to get North (i.e fences built on Bulgaria-Turkey border) 2) Growing economies in the South = easily accessible opporunities 3) Lower costs to move to neighbouring country than to a distant North country 4) Better communications is more awareness of South opportunities (i.e smartphones, disapora networks)

Answer 24

1) Emergence of new source and host countries 2) Greater number of younger AND female migrants 3) South-South migration has increased 4) An increase in the number of refugees due to conflict

Answer 25

1) Conflict (i.e Syria) 2) Violation of human rights/discrimination (i.e Rohingha Muslims in Myanmar) 3) Economic hardship in countries (i.e forced slavery) has forced people to leave 4) Impacts of natural hazards (i.e earthquakes and hurricanes in Haiti)

Answer 26

1) Better access to education/rights for many women = not just seen as caregivers but as economic migrants in both low and high skilled jobs 2) Discrimination/Lack of opportunities in source country (i.e patriarchy, limited employment opp for educated women) 3) Still many women migrate for family reasons (i.e as wives or to reunite with families)

Answer 27

Higher rate of female migration from AC countries - particularly North America & Europe where it is over 50%. Lower female migration in lots Africa and in some parts of Asia (i.e. Bangladesh is as low as 13%)

Answer 28

workers emigrate, work for a few years sending home remittances and then eventually return permanently