CSMP (Topic 4) Flashcards
What is place?
- A place is a portion of geographic space whose identity is viewed as being distinctive in some way. An area that humans have given ‘meaning’ to
What is ‘space’?
- ‘Space’ is the area between places and does not have the same meaning as the same ‘meanings’ that places
Why is the relationship between ‘places’ and ‘spaces’ complex?
- A ‘space’ for one person can be a ‘place for someone else - i.e. North Atlantic is a space for many people who have no connection but would be a place for deep sea fisherman who use it as a source of livelihoods
What 3 elements make up a ‘place’? What do they mean?
1) Location - where physically is (i.e. coordinates)
2) Locale - physical setting in which social interactions occur (i.e the way a place looks - mosques & markets where people meet and interact)
3) Sense of Place - feelings and emotions a place evokes (i.e. some would see Baghdad as a war zone, others as a home)
What are characteristics that can make up a places’ identity? [6]
1) Physical geography (i.e. topography of land),
2) Demography (i.e. age/gender/ethnicity),
3) Socio-Economic (i.e employment levels),
4) Cultural (i.e. religion, traditions),
5) Built Environment (i.e style and age of buildings)
6) and Political (i.e local govt, national govt, interest groups locally)
What different factors can alter someones perception of place? [6]
Age, Role, Gender, Sexuality, Religion, Ethnicity
Explain how someones gender might alter someones perception of place? [2]
1) ‘Male’/’Female’ places - places might be sterotyped as being ‘male’ (i.e football stadium) or ‘female’ (i.e baby-toddler group) and therefore might spark feelings of being connected/positive or isolated/negative about a place depending on your gender
2) ‘Safety’ of places - women may feel dark alley in urban area is less safe and percieve it as they are more likely to be victims of assault, rape (creating a ‘geography of fear’)
What is a ‘geography of fear’?
- A place that is perceived to be be unsafe or dangerous by people. This perception can be affected by your age, gender, sexuality of ethnicity
Explain how someones age might alter someones perception of place? [3]
1) Positive or negative due to age - i.e inner city might be exciting for student who wants opportunities but scary for pensioner who is worried about crime
2) Needs/functions of place change as you age (i.e suburbs might be boring for a teenager as few entertainment options but be useful for a parent with kids who want space and quieter life)
3) Memories of a place might mean older people have greater emotional attachment of a place rather than younger people
Explain how someones sexuality might alter someones perception of place? [2]
1) Safe spaces for marginalised groups - i.e LBGTQ+ community might feel more secure in ‘gay’ areas like Brighton or Castro Distric in SF as they are the majority and less like to be discriminated
2) An area of opportunity for people of a certain sexuality - Brighton has been regenerated by ‘gay owned’ businesses, creating new opportunities for people in the LBGTQ+ community
Explain how someones religion might alter someones perception of place? [2]
1) Certain buildings would have more significance for religious people -i.e synagogue in a town is more important to Jews than other religions
2) Certain places/locations have religious importance - i.e Mecca as a place of pilgrimage for Muslims, Jerusalem for Jews, Christians and Muslims
Explain how someones role might alter someones perception of place? [2]
1) Role changes as age and some how we behave/use a place - i.e a prefect in school will behave differently than a younger student who has just started (or parent vs teenager in relation to school)
2) Role can influence your fear of a place - i.e parent may see inner city as a dangerous place for their kids vs a independent 20 year old with no role as a parent
Explain how someones ethnicity might alter someones perception of place? [2]
1) Safe spaces for marginalised groups - i.e Black community in U.K may feel more comfortable living in same area as ‘safety in numbers’ and less likely to be persecueted
2) Certain locations may have more emotional attachment than others to certain ethnicities (i.e barbershop for black community in U.S is a place of community and socialising - would not have same meaning for white Americans)
What is emotional attachment to place?
a emotional connection to a place that can be either positive/negative depending on your personal experiences of it or feelings connected to a wider group (i.e Kurds and Kurdistan)
Where is Kurdistan?
Kurds are a nation of people that live in several states (i.e. Syria, Iraq, Iran & Turkey) and want to form own state ‘Kurdistan’. There is a wider Kurdish disapora especially in Germany
Emotional attachment to place and Kurds?
Strong emotional attachment by Kurds in area (and diaspora) as this area considered ‘the homeland’ and community has been collectively brought together by this group being persecuted in other states (i.e. Sadeem Hussein in Iraq) evicted from areas & protests by diaspora in other countries (i.e. Kurds living in Germany)
What is globalisation?
- Way that the world is becoming more interconnected and intertwined, economically, politically, socially and culturally
What is time-space compression?
- the processes that cause relative distance between places (i.e in travel time/cost) to get smaller
- improvements in technology (i.e aeroplanes, telecommunications, the internet) mean that places do not get physically closer but ‘appear/feel’ closer
What is the global village?
- the idea that the world is more connected due to technology than ever before (if not physically smaller) and has the feel of a close knit community ‘village’
How has improvements in telecommunications altered our sense of place?
- Mobile phone technology and the internet (i.e online banking, social media) mean that global communication is much easier - we can send information, money and ideas (i.e democracy) to the other side of the world very quickly = far places don’t seem so distant and can feel more connected to them
What are the negative impacts of globalisation on sense of place? (3)
1) Global brands (i.e McDonalds/Starbucks) can bring familiarity to places but reduces the uniqueness of places by replacing local services unique to a place (i.e clone towns can occur - look and feel the same)
2) Some areas lose out - globalisation means industry/businesses can leave and go to other areas (i.e global shift in manufacturing) and this can create a negative sense of place for some areas (i.e Detroit has profile of poor, crime city due to loss of car manufacturing to overseas)
3) Some people can adapt to changes/others can feel dislocated from places thy knew
What is the impact of globalisation on political profiles of places?
- Increased interconnectedness has made some places retreat to ‘old identities’ (i.e rise of nationalism - “Make America Great Again” “Brexit”)
What is the definition of informal representations of place?
- A representation of place that gives the geographic context of an area usually through sights or sounds. It is often subjective (made by individuals or small groups) and can come in very diverse forms (i.e films, TV, songs, paintings)
- Informal representations do not have to reflect reality - they can be an individual impression of a place
What is the definition of a formal representation of place?
- A representation of place that shows places through data and statistics.
- Often objective and is made by official, trusted & authentic sources (i.e national government)
- Formal data can often be geo-located on maps
Give examples of informal representation of place?
i.e films, TV, songs, paintings, poems, blogs
Give examples of formal representation of place?
i.e Census taken every 10 years (collected at household level), Geospatial data (i.e Deprivation Map, Census Data mapped using GIS)
What different scales can Census data be viewed at?
Output Area is smallest (average 300 residents, minimum 100 residents) and can be clustered into layers (i.e Super Output Areas Lower Layer, Super Output Areas Middle Layer, Upper Layer) all the way up to the Country level
What is geo-spatial data?
- Data that has a geographic component/location to it (i.e co-ordinates, postcode, roadmap)
What are the benefits of a formal representation of place? (3)
1) Accurate & factual = trusted and official sources
2) Can track changes over time (i.e Census every 10 years can spot differences)
3) Can look at a wider scale (i.e can compare data at household level at regional & national level)
What are the benefits of informal representation of place? (3)
1) Can show detail of a local place
2) Show sights and sounds of a place
3) Often more diverse than formal (i.e multiple perspectives of one single place can be created via different mediums)
What are the problems of formal representations of place? (3)
1) Do not show how people actually live their lives
2) Cannot show us what a place looks/sounds like
3) Some data in Census can not be totally accurate?truthful and so do not show true authenticity of a place (i.e people put ‘Jedi” as a religion on the Census)
What are the problems of informal representation of places?
1) Very personal and subjective view - can contain personal bias
2) Often smaller scale - only focuses on a local area and hard to compare
3) places can be misrepresented or be skewed to be shown in a certain way
What is social inequality?
- When resources are distributed unevenly and cause differences in society
What is spatial inequality?
- Differences in inequality between places
What is quality of life?
- General well being of individual or population
- Covers multiple areas including economic, social, physical and psychological needs of a person
What is standard of living?
- What a level of income will allow a person to buy in terms of necessities and other non-essential goods
What is poverty?
- Not having enough money to support a decent standard of living
Indicators for poverty: UK vs World Bank
- 60% of average income = poor in the UK
- Less than $1.25 a day = absolute poverty
according to World Bank
What is absolute poverty?
- where income is below a level that cannot maintain basic living standards (i.e food, shelter, housing)
- Less than $1.25 a day = absolute poverty
according to World Bank
What is deprivation? What 7 areas are included in deprivation index? (2)
1) A lack of resources and opportunities for individuals and areas
2) Income, Employment, Education, Health, Crime, Barriers to housing and services, Living environment
What is the Gini Index
- How equally income is distributed across a population.
- Closer to 0, the more equal society it is (i.e Scandinavian countries have scores of 0.25 which is pretty equal)
What is housing tenure?
- The relationship someone has with their
accommodation - i.e do they own it, do they rent privately, rent it from state/government
How can housing tenure measure inequality?
- A wealthy area would normally have a high amount of owner-occupiers and fewer that are rented from the government (i.e social housing)
Why is housing tenure in LIDCs complex?
- Squatter settlements are commonplace (i.e housing that is built illegally on land that don’t have rights to) but in some squatter settlements, rent is paid to landlords)
How is healthcare inequality measured b/w countries?
- GPs/Physicians per 1000 or % of GDP spent on healthcare are good indicators for looking at the healthcare system in a country
Healthcare can be unequal in the UK. What is NHS ‘postcode lottery’?
- Some areas (i.e with different postcodes) may have better funding/provision of NHS services and therefore will have better health outcomes
How is education measured in the Uk between countries?
- UK - % students that get 5 grades A* to C, Globally - Literacy Rate, % of GDP spent on education
What 3 specific indicators make up the Human Development Index (HDI)?
- GDP/GNI per capita, Life Expectancy at Birth, Average No of Years of Schooling
How can inequalities be created by low income? (3)
1) Healthy foods can often be more expensive than fast foods/processed food = poorer diets/health issues
2) Low income restricts the housing choice available to you = poorer housing can lead to health issues (i.e. mould)
3) No income equals less resources for education (i.e. less tutoring/books) = less educational attainment
Why is disposable income important in inequality?
Disposable income gives you greater access to goods and services and also protect you against the sudden drop in income
- North-South divide in UK in terms of GDP per capita (i.e richest in SE, poorest in NW (ex industrial towns))
Causes of north-south divide in income in UK? (3)
1) Long-term deindustrialisation and loss of key industries (i.e shipbuilding, car manufacturing, coal mining) in Northern industrial cities & towns = significant long-term impact on incomes
2) Lack of investment in these areas = increases the cycle of poverty.
3) SE is closer to EU markets and capital where growth of business, trade and investment
Why education inequalities can exist? [2]
1) Poorer families are less likely to have money for resources that improve education (i.e laptops, wealthiest families twice as likely to have 10 books in the house than poorest)
2) Low income parents often work longer hours = less time to help with homework/engage with education
Why housing inequalities can exist? [3]
1) Cheaply built housing = more likely to experience damp and mould = ill health for residence (i.e. 1950s-70s tower block “social housing” built very cheaply = demolished in the 90s due to poor quality and health issues plus increased anti-social problems. Grenfell Tower = good example (cheap cladding used to cover building was cause of fire)
2) Rural-urban housing inequality = due to demand for second homes from urban tourists = rural residents can afford inflated prices
3) LIDCS = demand outstrips supply = people forced into slums
Factors that can link deprivation to poor health
Poor diet, poor housing, having limited access to green spaces, poor access to medical services = ALL contribute to poor health
Why there are spatial differences in healthcare? [3]
1) NHS “Postcode Lottery” - Some areas (i.e. with different postcodes) may have better funding/provision of NHS services and therefore will have better health outcomes
2) LIDCs have lack of investment for healthcare facilities and lower education levels (i.e. less doctors) so healthcare outcomes lowers
3) Some countries have high public tax and therefore have well funded healthcare systems (i.e. Scandi countries have more doctors per 1000 than other European countries)
Inequalities in access to services? [4]
1) Urban population often have greater access to services compare to rural areas (i.e hospitals, libraries) as clustered in urban areas
2) Clear rural-urban divide in key services (i.e high speed broadband)
3) People with limited access to private transport/good public transport often suffer disproportionately (i.e. elderly/poorest)
4) Certain governments can restrict key services (i.e. China/North Korea & internet)
What has been the big sector shift in the UK since the late 1960s?
- Industrial employment has decreased, Service employment has increased and is now dominant. Also agricultural employment is very low and continues to drop
What is the global shift in manufacturing?
Movement of manufacturing jobs from ACs (i.e. USA, Europe) to emerging economies (i.e mainly Asia like Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia but also Mexico and Brazil)
What is the ‘New International Division of Labour’? What technological changes have aided this? [2]
1) Production of goods is divided across several countries and not confined to one country
2)Containerisation = lowers transport costs & Telecommunications = communication is fast/easy/cheap between different parts of the globe
What is the advantage of ‘New International Division of Labour’?
TNCs can switch their labour intensive factories to areas where costs are lower (i.e. EDCs/LIDCs) and they can get tax breaks/cheap resources WHILST still keeping their research and development jobs in ACs
What influence does globalisation have on structural economic change? [2]
1) A shift in manufacturing means that some areas see mass deindustrialisation which alters how people are employed in an area. In many ACs the decline in manufacturing has been followed by growth in services.
2) Some areas (i.e. EDCs/LIDCs) can gain manufacturing and therefore switch away from primary industries
Negative influence of structural economic change on people & places in the U.K? [4]
1) Areas that relied on manufacturing jobs/heavy industry (i.e. shipbuilding, steel making) saw huge unemployment due to deindustrialisation - job losses concentrated in certain areas (i.e Northern industrial towns like Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool Newcastle)
2) Derelict brownfield sites/polluted old industrial sites = put investors off bringing FDI into areas
3)De mulitplier effect occured (high unemploy= less disp. income=less services=more job losses)
4) Some workers suffer more (i.e. semi-skilled workers in industrial towns don’t have skills to retrain for new service sector - esp blue collar working class men)
Positive influence of structural economic change on people & places in the U.K? [4]
1) Loss of industry leads to lower pollution levels = improved health benefits for people in old industrial towns
2) Greater efficency created in remaining industries = releases labour for other high skilled sectors
3) Cheaper products imported from abroad = standard of living stays high
4) Economic growth in EDCs/LIDCs creates new markets for products from ACs
Positive influence of structural economic change on people & places in EDCs/LIDCS? [2]
1) Industrialisation = growth in exports = standard of living increases for population
2)Investment in infrastructure by TNCs can lead to new businesses which encourage the multiplier effect
Negative influence of structural economic change on people & places in EDCs/LIDCS? [4]
1) Increased air pollution and associated health issues (i.e. lung cancer) due to increased industrialisation
2) Environmental exploitation by TNCs leads to long term economic/social issues
3) Jobs often concentrated in core regions (i.e capital cities) and so inequality not improved between rural and urban areas
4) Can encourage mass migration to cities for jobs = causing wider overcrowding/slums/healthcare issues
What are Kondratieff Cycles?
Periods of growth and decline in capitalist system that happen in 50 year cycles often linked to technological changes (i.e. early Ind. Revolution growth of water power & mechanisation, 50 years later these industries declined and been taken over by growth in steam power/railways)
How do booms and recessions happen in places?
Technological innovation provides growth in certain areas leading to lots of investment and a ‘boom’ in the economy in certain places. When the technology becomes outdated or provides fewer opportunities this leads to stagnation of growth and eventually a ‘recession’
What spatial inequality can ‘boom’ periods create in places?
Tech. innovation is often centred in specific places = leads to increased investment and growth here (i.e. increased wealth & GDP, employment opp., high stand. of living) whilst some areas will not experience same growth (Example: Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield all boomed during the Industrial Period as had wealth of natural resources)
What spatial inequality can ‘recession’ periods create in places?
Some areas suffer big socio-economic changes if technology stagnates (i.e Northern Industrial towns suffered after deindustrialisation) and moves to other areas (i.e. SE ‘boomed’ when the economy switched to more ‘knowledge economy’ whilst N left behind)
Explain how government taxation can reduce inequality [3]
1) Income tax and Inheritance Tax redistribute wealth from the rich to lower income groups (i.e more you earn, the more you are taxed, if you inherit a large estate/money then this is taxed).
2) These taxes are used to fund public services (i.e welfare state)
3) Food is not taxed as poorer groups often spend higher % of their income on this
Explain how subsides can reduce inequality
Give support to the most vulnerable groups in society - i.e poor/low income, unemployed, elderly and disabled
Give examples of subsidies that UK government would hand and out [4]
1) Children in poor families - Free School Meals, Assitance with uni fees
2) Pensioners - Free Bus Pass, Fuel Allowance
3) Unemployed - Jobseekers allowance
4)Disabled - Disability Benefits
Explain how planning can reduce inequality [2]
1) Governments, housing associations and charities upgrade housing so that people have good quality housing which improve quality of life
2) They can also plan to install services in deprived areas to give people better access to opportunities
Give example of urban planning done by UK govt and the positive impacts
Removing tenement slums in Glasgow and replacing with high rise social housing in 1950s/1960s (i.e. Red Road Flats). Less overcrowding and made from better materials = less damp/structural issues = health of residents was better
Explain how changes to the law can reduce inequality?
Gives equal opportunities to different groups by reducing discrimination based on age, race, gender
Give examples of legislation in the UK that aims to reduce inequality [2]
1) Minimum Wage = workers not exploited with very low wages
2) Equal Opportunities Act = workers cannot be discriminated against in workplace/applying for jobs dues to their age, gender, race etc.
Explain how education programmes can reduce inequality [2]
1) Raise skill levels and qualifications of workforce by giving money to upgrade skills = can access new economic opportunities
2) Public health education problems to improve the diet of the poorest groups = reduce strain on healthcare and improve quality of life
What is ‘Key Settlement Policy’? What is it trying to achieve? [2]
1) U.K Government invests in services in large villages and small towns in services (i.e healthcare, education etc)
2)These acts as hubs for the surrounding area and aims to reduce the inequality in services between big urban areas and rural areas
How does U.K Government support elderly?
1) Pensions = a regular payment made by the state to retired people. Gives money to those who are not working anymore - state pension = roughly £130 a week in UK
Limitations or problems with pensions for reducing inequality? [3]
1) Poorest often rely on state pension whilst wealthy often have state pension & occupational pensions (i.e from their former jobs).
2) Pensioners that own their own properties have more of their pensions for other uses whilst poorest might still need to use for rent
3) Ageing population = big burden on U.K state
How does U.K Government reduce inequality in healthcare [3]
1) NHS is free to all and is paid for by taxes
2) Different levels of healthcare support from GPs to full specialist hospitals
3) NHS literature often provided in multiple languages to enable everyone to access key information and services (i.e leaflets on maternity in Farsi, Arabic etc)
Why can healthcare provision still vary in the U.K? [4]
1) Rural areas often have poorer access to GPs
2) Wealthier areas often have access to both NHS facilites and private healthcare = improving health incomes and creating a gap
3) Rural and small towns are having community hospitals shut down and services are centralised in big urban areas
4) Elderly & poorest have poor personal mobility and this can reduce access to some NHS services
What are ‘austerity measures’ by the government and how have they impacted social inequality? [2]
The austerity programme included reductions in welfare spending, especially cutting back pensions and subsides
2) This could reinforce inequality because it affected vulnerable groups (i.e elderly & the poor) disproportionately = they lost key support that helped maintain their standard of living
Name players that drive economic change [4]
1) National government - Offer grants/investment to change economic function of an area. Also have key depts. that alter the economic situation of areas via planning dept, education, env management
2) Local govt = localised version of nat. govt (i.e. local planning)
3) Private players (i.e. TNCs/local businesses) = can bring investment & jobs to an area
4) Local communities = concerned about employment, environment & social matters 5) NGOs = often have a small area of focus (i.e a charity focusing on old buildings)
Use Swindon to give example of players involved in structural economic change (3)
Nat. govt gave tax breaks to encourage Honda (TNC) to bring investment to area. Local govt. gave planning permission to build new Honda factory & also regenerated old railways yard into retail centre (full of retail TNCs who bring jobs).
Swindon Heritage (local comm group) helped ensured old railway buildings used / not just knocked down.
National Trust (NGO) has HQ there & brings lots of new employment in services (i.e. charity sector)
What is placemaking?
complex approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces. It is a creative process that includes design, development, renewal and regeneration of places.
What players are often involved in placemaking? [4]
1) Govts (local, national supranational)
2) Private businesses (i.e. TNCs)
3) Architects/Planners
4) Local community groups (i.e Granby 4 Streets)
How have governments tried to attract investment into places to shape them? [2]
1) Forging links with foreign govts (i.e trade links with EDCs like China & India) to encourage bi-lateral trade
2) Encouraged TNCs to invest in certain places by offering tax breaks or grants (i.e Honda offered tax break to place car manufacturing in Swindon = bring in jobs to deindustrialised town)
What is role of planners/planning authorities in placemaking? [2]
1) Local councils all having a planning dept who devises a ‘Local Plan’ - this determines how land is used in that area and decides on proposals for new buildings (i.e. without permission from planning dept. = new buildings can’t be built)
2) Often involved in upgrading deprived areas (i.e upgrading services/housing in Blackbird Leys)
What is the role of architects in placemaking? [3]
1) Design buildings with ‘iconic design’ that can enhance the reputation of an area and attract tourists
2) Design buildings/parks that link to history of place (i.e Titanic museum in Belfast looks like a ship to link to shipbuilding past)
3) Architects influence how people live their lives - i .e tower blocks built in 60s by architects to replace slums; but led to negative issues like more crime, social isolation and often built cheaply (health problems)
How have planners & architects developed the idea of ‘24 hour city? Why is this being created?
24-hour city = city that never sleeps (has lots of activities at night) Planners have expanded transport services at night (i.e. Night Tube on London Underground, more night bus services offered). Key services are being given long licenses (Bars & restaurants) and some are 24 hour (i.e some gyms). 2)Want to attract young people & int. tourism market to these places to grow economy
What is the role of local community groups in placemaking? [3]
1) Hertitage Associations (i.e local heritage groups like Wavertree Society); preserve & protect old buildings & history of people that live there (i.e heritage plaques) = preserves past history of place
2) Resident Associations (i.e Granby 4 Streets) often care about issues for local residents like housing/environment - i.e. Granby has helped rennovate old housing to be rented by locals & plant trees in street
3) Social media - allows locals to have say in placemaking process - (i.e Power 10+ idea: locals votes on
What is role of social media (‘digital placemaking’) & local groups in placemaking?
Social media allows locals to have say in placemaking process - (i.e Power 10+ idea: that successful places should have 10+ things to do. Local govts. can ask locals via social media what they like/dislike about an place/new plans for a place - this can then be used by govt, planners & architects to improve places (i.e Power 10+ used to improve public spaces in Baltimore on social media)
Name the 5 main strategies for rebranding
1) Market-led
2)Top-Down
3) Flagship Development
4) Legacy
5)Events/Themes
What is a market-led strategy in rebranding? Example?
Private investors and companies (i.e from local businesses, property developers, national chains to TNCs) who rebrand because they want to make profits from an area (i.e. set up new restaurant to attract new customers) Example: Islington, London - Georgian properties renovated by property developers to appeal to middle class
What is a top down led strategy in rebranding? Example?
Rebranding led by local authorities & planning dept. (i.e local council) Example: Salford Council - land bought & planning permission given to turn old docks into area for ‘MediaCity’ - BBC & ITV major employers
What is flagship development strategy in rebranding? Example?
Rebranding focuses on large-scale, high profile one off projects that will be catalyst for further investment/change Example: Millennium Stadium, Cardiff - big sports and ent venue that now directly & indirectly supports 10% of all tourism related jobs in city (multiplier effect)
Problems with some flagship developments (i.e Liverpool One?)
Big projects that do not necessarily help local people who do not have the disp. income to use them or skills to gain jobs connected to them (i.e residents of Toxteth = few employed in Liverpool One = benefits people from suburbs more)
What is a Legacy strategy in rebranding? Example?
Rebranding following a major sports event there is investment/regeneration - can happen prior to and after the event Example: Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games: ‘athletes village’ turned into affordable housing for residents in deprived East End of Glasgow after event, Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome built for event - now hosts int. cycling events & home of Scottish Cycling
What is a Event/Theme strategy in rebranding? Example?
Rebranding focus on a major festival/event or theme that is a catalyst for cultural dev. of place & provides socio-economic benefits Example: Liverpool European Capital of Culture 2008: changed view of Liverpool and 34% more visitors than usual. New dev built for it - i.e Liverpool One (retail complex)
What various elements can often be used (often in conjunction) as part of a rebranding strategy? Examples?
Architecture (i.e Albert Docks, Liverpool - refurbished & link to port history) Heritage Links (i.e Wessex Tourist Board using ancient heritage to attract: Stonehenge & Alfred the Great) , Retail (i.e. Bull Ring, Birmingham), Art (i.e Tate Liverpool or in St Ives), Sport (i.e World Championship & Commonwealth Games in Birm.) & Food (i.e Ludlow in Shropshire rebranded as a ‘food town’ - Michellin restaurants)
What part have the E.U as a player had in placemaking/rebranding in the U.K?
E.U was key player in placemaking & rebranding - offered grants to assist projects especially big infrastructure projects through ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) Note: UK has now left E.U and so funding removes = decline in future??
What part have corporate bodies (i.e banks, insurance companies, pension funds) as a player had in placemaking/rebranding in the U.K?
Corporate bodies = help provide funds/capital for big developments (i.e. Canada Pension Plan Investment Board has invested money into projects like the Bull Ring). Their aim is to make long term profits for their stakeholders
What part have the NGOs & community groups as a player had in placemaking/rebranding in the U.K?
NGOs can be part of rebranding process (i.e National Trust preserving the Beatles’ homes in Liverpool as part of ‘cultural’ rebranding of city. Resident groups can change opinion of area by make localised changes (i.e Granby 4 Streets winning Turner Prize for work in regeneration - major art prize)
Why is rebranding a contested process?
Local groups do not always like the changes made, especially if it leads too gentrification. Local groups often have little say in the changes and keep feel isolated from the new created ‘places’
What is gentrification?
Gentrification is the process by which wealthy residents and businesses move into a poor, working class area and change the character of the neighbourhood. Changes are often both physical (i.e. to the built environment) but also to demographics (i.e. population/ethnic structure)
Impacts of gentrification? [3]
1) Local shops that have been established for years (i.e. newsagents, corner shops) replaced by restaurants, fancy wine bars etc. Poorer residents from area = can’t afford these services = feel excluded from the community
2) Regenerated areas = rents increase = poorer residents are forced out
3) “whitewashing” can occur = wealthy white residents move in and displace established poor communities of colour (breaks up est. communities & culture)
How does rebranding favour certain groups?
Rebranded areas do not necessarily help local people who do not have the disp. income access new services or skills to gain jobs in new developments connected (i.e residents of Toxteth = few employed in Liverpool One = benefits wealthy people from suburbs who use services & entrepeneurs who have set up new companies)
Why can rebranding lead to differing priorities?
Development agencies/governments often have different ‘goals’ for rebranding projects than locals. Corporate bodies & governments often want to bring new investment into an area, make profits and create a ‘positive’ image for the area whilst locals will favour services & employment opportunities that benefit them
Example of rebranding project having diff. priorities for dev. agency vs local people in Liverpool?
‘Liverpool Vision’ = regeneration organisation built ‘Liverpool One’. Priority was: help rebrand Liverpool as a ‘positive’ place and a hub for retail by attracting big national brands/TNCs to area (i.e. John Lewis, Odeon, Disney Store). Local stores were either replaced or not consulted in the rebranding process (i.e. ‘Quiggins’) and local labourers not used (instead cheaper foreign labour used) = locals saw few benefits for them
