migration genrel Flashcards
in 2015 how many people were living outside their country of origin
244 million people
3.3%
who are the majority or migrants?
economic migrants, seeking work and social opportunities, often sending money back to their family, known as migrant remittances
refugees
fleeing conflict zones and persecution
asylum seakers
political refugee, someone who is seeking peace in another country
population change
population change = (births-deaths) +/- international migration
long term migration
the UN defines long term migration as as person who moves to a country other then his or her usually residence for a period of at least a year
short term migration
someone who moves for more then three months but less then a year
net migration
difference between number of immigrants and emigrants for a particular country
2013, counrtys with the largest net migration gain =
italy and germany
2013 counrtys with the largest net migration loss =
spain and greece
in 2013 how many people born in the UK lived abroad
5.3 million
reasons for this:
employment opportunity
retirment
family reunicfation
how many forigen people living in the UK in 2013
7.8 million
statistical measure of internationL migration linked to development is…
migrant remittances
migrant remittances are shown as a persentage of a recipients countries GDP
positive effects of international migration
stability
economic growth
development
negative effects of global migration
inequalities
conflicts
injustices
stability
migrant remittances can contribute to economic stability
-flows of ideas, and skills including democracy and equality this can create peace-building and conflict resolution
-where there is a ageing population youthful migrant workers can contrubite to a more balanced age strcuture and population growth
economics growth
GDP and tax of hoast nations are boosted
-migrants are consumers themselves, stimulating local demand and even opening up new markets
- migrants can fill skill gaps and labour shortages
-migrant remittances can supplment hosehold incomes, stimulate consumption, provide funds for local investment, this is called the multiplier effect
economics growth
GDP and tax of hoast nations are boosted
-migrants are consumers themselves, stimulating local demand and even opening up new markets
- migrants can fill skill gaps and labour shortages
-migrant remittances can supplment hosehold incomes, stimulate consumption, provide funds for local investment, this is called the multiplier effect
development
skills and knowalge and benefit origin country
- migrants can create networks which ease flow of skills, financial resources, values and idea through their links to dispora associations.
- UN ‘migration and development’ projects between partner counrties involving families, local authorties, and public and private services providers in effective ‘bottom up’ approach to development
inequalities
countries or origin lose a proportion of young people, the most vibrant and fittest people in the workforce, this may contribute to a downward economic spiral.
- ‘brain drain’ as the better educated migrate
-redistribution of population of reproductive age which effects brith rates and can create a ageing population in some areas.
-migrant remittances can increase inequalities between families who receive them and familes who don’t.
conflicts
social conflict can develop between hoast countries and newcomers, people of a particular ethnic culture or ethnicity may find it difficult to integrate perhaps because of language
-immigrant populations especially if concentrated on specific areas can put pressure on certain services ect
-international borders ca be areas of conflict e.g traffickers and illegal immigrants
injustices
migrants are venerable to violations of their human rights as a result of fourced labour, explotation of women and children and human trafficking.
-treatment of asylum speakers can induce being held in a detention center and not being allowed to work
examples of conflict and injustice
-report HR violations in deletion camps for Myanmar refugees on the Thai-Malaysian bourder
-the new fence and the high tech surveillance at the Bulgaria- turkey boarder
-the refugee camp at the channel tunnel in Calis, another camp the ‘jungle’ outside Calis contained over 3000 migrant in feb 2016, mostly unacconmnied young males
Dominent global migrant corridors
south-north
south-south
the transur of ideas and money are cloasely related yo thease pattens of inequality in migration and tend to flow back in the opposite direction e.g talent based immgration policy of countries such as the US and canada encorage flows of highly skilled migrants from LID’cs
inter relgional
migration between regions of a counrty
migration of highly skilled workers from china, india and brazil to the USA.
intra regional migration
rapid increase of internataional migration stock amoung the ASEAN memebr states,
most migrants are low skilled, many undocuemned seaking unemployment and higher wadges via cyclical migration to countries of higher socio economic development.
return migration has been a high proportion of migrant flows within the EU, this includes young workers having achived their pre planned economic goals after two or three years
international
international migration flows within the EDC’s such as india, china, mexico and brazil, driven by FDI which has created economic activity near large urban centers
young workers
young workers look for greater employment, higher wadges and possibility of remmitances
dominate age group of all migrants were males between the age of 25-39
E.g demarnd for workers in oil producing countries of the middle east such as the UAE, QUTAR AND SAUDI are examples of young labour dirven migration
female migrants
globally there has been an increase in the number of women and girl migrants in the 20st century
in 2013 52% of all migrants in developed countries were female
the growing number of migrants are because of increased inderpendece of women and the ability to now earn their own income
south to south and south to north corridors
untill the 2nd decade of the 21st centry the largest internantional migrant flows had been from poorer less developed countries to the south where wealtheir counrties are present however as global econmies have become more interconnected south to south flow habe become much more popular.
south to south migration flows are explained mainly by labour migration, 2/3rds of migrant remmitances were sent between countries of the south in 2013.
another factor is the incrase in refugee fleeing, perscution or conlfict
reasons for south to south migration
restrictive adminstrive barriers between south to north migration
fast growing economies which offer employment opportunities
increased awareness of opportunity in the south resulting from improved communications and developing social and business networks
preventative costs
Myanmar to Thailand
the largest ASEAN migrant flow corridor is the one flowing from mymar to thailand, thailand is south east asias fastest growing econemy.
thailand needs to resove its labour shortage in agriculture, fishing, manufactoring, contrcution and domestic services.
new minimum wadge in thailand
300 bhat (9$ a day) this 10x the wadge in some areas of mayamr
contributing factors to the migration to thailand
geographical proximity,
in addiction there are many refugees from the myanmar government escaping forced labour in government development projects, escaping forced labour in govemrnet development projects such as railway construction
conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees
in 2015 syria became the largest source of refugees, overtaking afgan which had had this position for three decades
turkey was the largest recipiant of refugees
87.2% live in the global south
number of refugees worldwide in 2012
15.7 million
number of refugees worldwide in 2014
19.5 million
how many asylum applications were submitted in 2014
1.66 million
main reasons for large number of refugees globaly
-conflict
-home loss
-political persecution, discrimnation and violation of human rights
-economic hardship including forced labour and morden slavery
