Migration exam questions EQ3-EQ4 Flashcards
EQ3
8B.7 Evaluate the role of IGOs in maintaining world security (20)
IGOs are groups of sovereign states, often established through a treaty, with mutual interests which work together towards a unified goal
Large role- UN security council
The UN security council have large amounts of power in making major global decisions. The security council’s job is to avoid warfare, and it is powerful in its ability to impose sanctions and authorise use of force. It includes 5 permanent members (UK, US, France, China, Russia) and 10 temporary members which rotate. This can be helpful in maintaining world security by hindering countries ability to start war, such as conducting successful peacekeeping operations or giving out economic sanctions
Small role- UN security council
The UN security may be unsuccessful at maintaining world security due to the veto power of permanent members whereby if one permanent member veto’s a decision, they can stop peacekeeping from occurring. For example, Russia vetoed condemnation for their annexing of Crimea, which can be suggested to be very bias and therefore unsuccessfully maintaining world security. As well as this, the 5 permanent members can be suggested to lack worldwide representation whereby there are no south American or African members, again suggesting bias around decisions made.
Large role- economic IGOs such as IMF
These aim to promote financial cooperation and reduce poverty, in turn increasing security such as food and water security. Bretton woods organisations such as the IMF were set up in the 1930s to avoid further protectionism, and the IMF can be said to maintain world security through crisis support and helping governments to balance their payments in times of economic difficulty. Although, they have been criticized for their SAPs programme for indebted countries who struggle balancing their payments. Terms are strict including cutting of government spending, which can lead to less security if infrastructure is dangerous and there is a lack of healthcare. For example, in Jamaica where SAPs cut public spending, 1.1 million of 2.7 million ended up living under the poverty line. Although, spending how now increased suggesting it is beneficial in the long-term.
Small role- UN peacekeeping military intervention
The UN military intervention uses the UN peacekeeping army to restore peace in volatile regions, suggesting that they should be maintaining global security. However, in certain regions this has been highly criticised, such as the DRC where peacekeeping was brought in to increase political stability involving ethnic tensions due to the 240 cultures in the region. UN peacekeepers have been accused of the rape and abusing of women and children in the DRC, whereby 150 women were reported to be raped within miles of their base.
8B.8 Evaluate how successful IGOs have been in maintaining global economic security (20)
Economic security is the condition of having a stable income to support current and future standards of living. IGOs are groups of sovereign states, often established through a treaty, which work together towards a unified goal. Economic IGOs include the Bretton Woods organisations, who were developed in the 1930s in order to stop protectionism so we don’t repeat the great depression.
Very successful- World Bank
World bank provide advice, loans and grants for a reduction in poverty and promotion of economic development in country to provide global economic security. They provide long-term support rather than crisis through giving out low-interest loans, grants or assistance to developing countries e.g., to help with long-term infrastructure investment. Although, a major criticism is that all presidents have been American. This is seen as problematic as it can limit representation and perspectives, so some countries aren’t focused on who need economic help. For example, no African representation may lead to inadequacy in addressing African needs and priorities
Very unsuccessful- IMF
The IMF work to promote financial cooperation between countries to reduce poverty. 190 members pay money into it which is used to give loans to member nations for infrastructure issues/financial help. Grant loans are given to member countries if they can’t pay their debts. These come with strict SAPs though, which have been criticised and may lead to worse financial security for countries using them. This i because conditions of SAPs for indebted countries include a cutting of spending on social services, which can mean more people fall into poverty through poor infrastructure and healthcare, impacting countries ability to work and economy. In Brazil, SAPs led to 1.1 million of a population of 2.7 million people falling into poverty
Relatively successful- WTO
Aims for free trade between all members by reducing tariffs. It provides a framework for all 164 members to settle trade disputes and negotiate trade deals. By promoting global free flows of goods and services worldwide, they are preventing harmful protectionism which as a result helps developing economies to trade with more developed places as monopolies are somewhat prevented. Although, their level of success can be questioned as they have failed in getting the worlds richest countries like the UK and USA to subside domestic farming, and this means developing farmers cant trade produce on an equal playing field, so economic security isn’t necessarily gained.
8B.8 Evaluate the statement
‘global governance has overwhelmingly failed to address the worlds most serious concerns’ (20)
Agree- UN security council veto power
The UN security may be unsuccessful at maintaining world security due to the veto power of permanent members whereby if one permanent member veto’s a decision, they can stop peacekeeping from occurring. For example, Russia vetoed condemnation for their annexing of Crimea, which can be suggested to be very bias and therefore unsuccessfully maintaining world security. As well as this, the 5 permanent members can be suggested to lack worldwide representation whereby there are no south American or African members, again suggesting bias around decisions made so series concerns in these countries aren’t being properly addressed
Disagree- World Bank
World bank provide advice, loans and grants for a reduction in poverty and promotion of economic development in country to provide global economic security. They provide long-term support rather than crisis through giving out low-interest loans, grants or assistance to developing countries e.g., to help with long-term infrastructure investment. Has helped in growing issuers like water insecurity with recent GWSP
Somewhat agree- IMF SAPs
The IMF work to promote financial cooperation between countries to reduce poverty. 190 members pay money in which is used to give loans to countries for crisis support. The IMF has heightened its efforts to tackle global food crises, particularly with inflation in sub-saharan Africa. However, there are issues in the short-term with IMF, particularly for countries who struggle balancing payments with SAPs programmes e.g., Jamaica. Jamaica went into extreme poverty after SAPs led to cutting of social services, although it now has increased social spending again. It may therefore be failing to correctly address serious concerns like food insecurity due to tight regulations
Somewhat disagree- UN military interventions
The UN military intervention uses the UN peacekeeping army to restore peace in volatile regions, suggesting that they should be maintaining global security. However, in certain regions this has been highly criticised, such as the DRC where peacekeeping was brought in to increase political stability involving ethnic tensions, a very serious and long-term concern formed due to the 240 cultures in the region. However, they have significantly failed at addressing those issue and have created much worse issues with sexual assault. UN peacekeepers have been accused of the rape and abusing of women and children in the DRC, whereby 150 women were reported to be raped within miles of their base.
8B.9 Evaluate the extent to which IGOs have managed the environmental problems facing the world (20)
High extent- Montreal Protocol
The Montreal protocol aims to protect the ozone layer from the issue of ozone depletion caused by worldwide use of ODSs (ozone depleting substances). This included CFCs, which are chemicals found in fridges and aerosols. The protocol was signed in 1987, and virtually all countries signed it and were prepared to phase out all ODSs by 2000. By 2010, all ODSs including CFCs were rapidly phased out by all signed countries. Therefore to a very significant extent, IGOs have managed environmental problems. it is predicted that by 2070, the ozone layers hole will close for good.
Low extent- UNCLOS
UNCLOS aim to establish a comprehensive legal framework governing all aspects of ocean affairs and marine resources including territorial claims and environmental protection. 167 nations are signed and follow IWC guidelines including EEZ, an area of the ocean a country has claim to extending 200nm from their coastline. It also includes protecting marine life. However, this is ineffective as some states don’t follow rules, and as a result marine life is being effected. For example, China is building islands past their EEZ zone and is basing military ships around these islands, breaking multiple UNCLO laws.
Relatively high extent- Antarctic treaty
The Antarctic Treaty aims to establish the continent as an exclusive region for peace and science.It was enforced in 1961 and 54 nations are signed up to it. It includes all areas below 60 degrees of the equator. Agreements include no new claims to be made on land, it should only be used for peaceful purposes with no military action, and all scientific information must be shared. Currently there have been no breaches of rules, however there are future uncertainties on its effectiveness as global warming increases pressure of resource exploitation from melting ice (increased accessibility). Therefore, to a relative extent, IGOs have managed environmental problems, maintaining peace and wildlife.
Relatively low extent- Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement sets out a global framework to avoid dangerous climate change by perusing efforts to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees. 1.5 degrees is the aim as passing this threshold could lead to severe impacts including more frequent and severe droughts. Limiting it to this would significantly reduce risks from climate change. For this to happen, it aims for greenhouse gas emissions to peak before 2025. however, there is future uncertainty on the effectiveness of this depending on how LICs develop as they will need support to produce less emission when industrialising. As it doesn’t force countries, there is also uncertainty on sticking to it e.g., USA pulling out in 2017
Unsuccessful- UNECE water convention (extra point)
They aim to protect and ensure the quantity, quality and sustainable use of transboundary water resources by facilitating cooperation. 39 parties are signed and they set standards and guidlines for water management at transboundary waters. However, transboundary water conflict still ongoing suggest it to be unsuccessful such as the nile
8B.9 Evaluate the success of IGOs in protecting biodiversity (20)
Successful- Antarctic Treaty
Unsuccessful- CITES
CITES aim to ban trade of threatened species and their products. It entered in 1975 and is now adopted by 181 countries. The treaty is to stop illegally exported products such as rhino horns whereby some species of rhino are moving towards extinction from rapid demand. However, they aren’t very effective as due to rising wealth in countries like china, Indonesia and South Korea, there is increasing illegal trade of substances including rhino horns with increasing demand.
Somewhat successful- Paris Agreement
Unsuccessful- UNCLOS
EQ4
8B.10 Evaluate the extent to which national identity is an elusive and contested concept (20)
National identity is the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, represented by distinctive culture, traditions and language. It is suggested to be hard to define (elusive) and contested due to increasing interconnectedness of places and their cultures
High extent- High cultural diversity can lead to a lack of national identity. Due to places colonial history, some attracted more migrants than others leading to this diversity. This meant after gaining independence, some places could’t gain their own identity. For example, Singapore was a British trading colony and when decolonised, it was very attractive for immigrants. This was a major factor leading to a population which is 76% Chinese, 3% Malay and 9% Indian. As a result, they have had hybrid influences from other cultures, and so haven’t been able to establish their own. This is evident in their sports teams, such as in their olympic women’s table tennis team where 3 Chinese members, 1 of which still identifies as a Chinese national
Low extent- Many places have maintained strong sense of national identity
Where there is a lack of migration and the government implement ways of resisting change, national identity can be kept very strong. Iceland historically lacked migration and impacts from colonies due to geographic isolation. This allowed for a historic strong national identity. To then maintain this, the government have implemented rules such as all children names must come from an approved list t preserve language. By preserving language, they have ensured that Icelandic language isn’t overshadowed by English.
High extent- National identity can be fractured by sporting events. this is because many sporting events are divisive, so large events such as the world cup can divide people and this can become aggressive. Domestic violence and other violence rise nationally after England performances in the euros and world cup, no matter the result of the games . As well as this, in the UK there is inconsistency in sport and culture which can make national identity hard to define. We support the UK in eurovision, great Britain in the olympics and England in the world cup/euros. Although, sport does still bring nationalist ideas, with the bigger the match, the bigger the boost in national solidarity.
Low extent- Nationalist ideologies reinforced
Governments can in-force nationalist ideologies by putting these in education systems and this can then keep national identity string, suggested its not elusive or contested for many countries. For example, the UK government have attempted to use policy to reinforce British Values. British values are democracy, rule of law, individual liberty, and mutual respect and tolerance. These have been imposed into education systems
8B.11 Evaluate the challenges that affect many countries national identities (20)
National identity is the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, represented by distinctive culture, traditions and language
TNCs/ global media
TNCs promote a distinctive positive view of western culture, representing cultural traditions such as christmas and halloween. This is then often adopted by the countries it reaches on a global scale and can lead to westernisation and global media is very easily spread
Companies being foreign owned
Many UK companies are now foreign owned including Land Rover, which makes the idea of ‘made in Britain’ more complex. Takeovers can lead to a loss of control and diminishment of national sovereignty and identity. Land Rover are now own by Indian auto manufacturing giant Tata Motors. Takeovers mean that profits go abroad instead of staying in the UK and can be paid overseas to lower tax countries though, and so there are benefits
property and land ownership
Much of Londons property is being bought by Russian oligarchs, which can make property very expensive for locals and force them to move out. This changes national identity of communities where they are taken over. For example, in Belgrave Square in London, there are so many Russian owners it is nicknamed ‘red square’, an is very expensive for locals.
Although, there are solutions demonstrated by Denmark. In Denmark, EU citizens can’t buy vacation property without authorisation and non-EU citizens must have lived in Denmark for 5 years.
migration
migration brings culture erosion. migration and tourism of western people with large disposable incomes spreads western culture and language
Destruction of minority languages can diminish national identity and sovereignty of nation states. Every 2 weeks a mother tongue language disappears due to globalisation. Estimated half worlds language will be extinct in next 100 years
8B.11 Evaluate whether westernisation is the most serious threat to national identity (20)
Agree- global media/TNCs
Global media spread by Disney shares western ideologies. Uniform products can also do this
Disagree- companies being foreign owned
Jaguar Land rover now owned by Indian ‘Tata motors’. Takeover reduces control British control and meaning of ‘made in Britain’
Agree- migration brings culture erosion. Started with empires and British raj. migration and tourism of western people with large disposable incomes spreads western culture and language
Destruction of minority languages can diminish national identity and sovereignty of nation states. Every 2 weeks a mother tongue language disappears due to globalisation. Estimated half worlds language will be extinct in next 100 years
Disagree- property and land ownership
Russian oligarchs buy property and make it very expensive for locals, forcing them out
8B.11 Evaluate the view
‘In the future, national identity will be even more difficult to define’ (20)
Agree- migration
Migration likely to increase in future with increasing global interconnectedness. Countries with strict policies like Japan are likely to open borders due to ageing populations
Disagree- countries show that setting in policies can help preserve national identity e.g., Iceland. Britain teach values in schools like democracy.
Agree- nationalist movements
Has been a recent surge for nationalist movements suggesting a strong sense of national identity. For example, Scotland want UK independence, which could severely threaten UK national identity
8B.12 Evaluate the causes of disunity within nations (20)
Political clashes- Scottish SNP vs UK tory
Scotland want independence from the UK, largely due to a clash in political views where Scotland have their own political system, but this is overruled by the UK government.
Ethnic diversity- DRC
Large amounts of ethnic diversity could lead to conflict.
Economic tensions- USA and Mexico
Mexican economic migrants have been contested due to USA nationalists believing they are ‘taking jobs’. In some states like Nevada, over 10% of the economy is run by illegal migrants, and employment is around 5%, higher than the 3.9% national average.
‘A loss of national sovereignty is inevitable in a globalised world’ (20)
Sovereignty refers to the ability of a country to rule itself. Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of countries.
Significantly agree- joining trade blocs such as the US takes away some decision-making power. The EU enjoys benefits of free movement of goods and services. As EU law overrides UK law, it is suggested that this creates a lack of sovereignty. The Factortame case is an example of this where Spanish fishers gained sovereignty over UK government because the supreme court rules the EU agreement as overruling government laws.
Disagree- developed countries have power in decision-making. For example, UN security council permanent members (developed) have the power to apply sanctions and use military intervention. Also have veto power.
Significantly agree- IGOs- IMF SAPs. Loss of sovereignty as are unable to pay back loans in SAPs agreement so social spending is often cut e.g., in. Brazil
Evaluate the view that national identity is under threat (20)
Agree- nationalist independence movements e.g., Scotland put the UKs national identity at threat. Rishi Sunak said in may 2024 that Scottish nationalism is a threat to the UK. Although, Scotland are unlikely to become independent in the short-term
Disagree- It remains strong in many western countries. Despite a world of extreme globalisation, Iceland has maintained a strong national identity with geographic isolation
Agree- colonial history can challenge national identity
In Singapore, history as a British trade colony meant that national identity was never truly gained, and it is a hybrid of many other Asian cultures
Disagree- reinforcement of values can preserve it
In the UK, British values are enforced in the education system
