Migration - Exam

Question 1

LIDC Migration CS

Answer 1

Laos

Question 2

Laos Push factors

Answer 2

Insufficient land available for farming
Periodic droughts lead to food insecurity
There is a lack of alternative occupations in rural areas

Question 3

Laos Pull factors

Answer 3

There is a strong motivation to follow others who have returned financially stable from past migrations.

The minimum wage in Thailand is 300 baht compared to 80 baht in Laos.

For many families in Laos remittances is the main source of income.

There is growing demand for unskilled labour in Thailand, and due to poor education many people in Laos are unskilled.

Familiar with Thai culture and language
+ Improved access across the Mekong

Question 4

ASEAN

Answer 4

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Question 5

Opportunities for Laos and other ASEAN countries as a result of the migration corridor

Answer 5

Closer political ties and stability between countries
Particularly Laos, Thailand and Vietnam

Remittances sent back from Laos migrants can help alleviate the 22% in poverty in Laos

400 investment projects underway between Laos and Vietnam

Question 6

Consequences of Laos Migration

Answer 6

Lots of under 18 migrants creating illegal trafficking schemes

Brain drain effect

Question 7

Laos migrant Stats

Answer 7

1.29 million Laos born migrants living abroad, mainly in Thailand

73% of country employed in agriculture

Question 8

Minimum wage comparison

Answer 8

80 baht Laos

300 Baht Thailand

Question 9

AC migration CS

Answer 9

USA

Question 10

USA Pull factors

Answer 10

Employment opportunities for high and low-skilled workers, higher wages, educational opportunities and access to health services.

Higher minimum wage in comparison to South American countries, as well as higher standard of living.

Question 11

Migration corridors into USA - Mexico

Answer 11

Mexico 2013 employment stats:
Services (31%)
Natural resources, construction, manufacturing 25%
Transport 22%

illegal immigrants in USA = 11.5million (6million Mexican)
Mexico used as a transit country for other Latin American countries

Question 12

Migration corridors into the USA - China

Answer 12

US policy aims to attract high skilled, well qualified professionals (China and India)
Employment in business and science 2013:
Chinese immigrants 51% went into industry
Indian immigrants 73% went into industry

Question 13

USA immigration policy five principles

Answer 13

Reunification
Refugee
Skilled workers
Diversity
Humanitarian relief

Question 14

USA annual visa limit

Answer 14

650,000

Question 15

USA Visa count for those with skills

Answer 15

140,000

Question 16

Dangerous route into the USA - Illegal trafficking method.

Answer 16

Florida Strait from Bahamas;

South American illegal migrants travelling to the Bahamas and boating across the Florida Strait, which can be fatal.

Question 17

Florida Strait deaths

Answer 17

In early 2022, 39 people died crossing the Florida strait

Question 18

Consequences to AC due to migration

Answer 18

Illegal migration is extremely costly:
$150 billion of taxpayers funds used to fund illegal immigrants use of services via fraud, border patrol costs etc. Also, Illegal immigrants don’t pay taxes.

Both legal and Illegal migrants put strain on resources. California for example, which due to overpopulation is now facing water shortages and overcrowding in schools. In addition, city traffic is at an all time high bearing consequences at a local scale.

Question 19

EDC Migration CS

Answer 19

Brazil

Question 20

Brazil net emigration stat historically and now

Answer 20

2005 / 2009 = - 500,000.

2010 / 2014 = - 190,000.

Question 21

Brazil immigration

Answer 21

Influx of migrants from Haiti and African countries using Ecuador and Chile as transit countries.

There was a rise in number of international labour migrants attracted by the construction industry for the 2014 football World Cup and 2016 Olympics.

Question 22

Brazil internal immigration?

Answer 22

From North to South rural to urban migration;

Sāo Paulo, Rio De Janeiro

Question 23

Migrant emigration corridors in Brazil

Answer 23

USA (370,000)
Japan (370,000, due to repatriation)
Portugal (140,000)

Question 24

Migrant Immigration corridors in Brazil

Answer 24

Portugal (140,000)
Japan (50,000)
Paraguay (40,000)

Question 25

Largest Brazilian ex-pat population

Answer 25

USA, 1.9 million approx.

Question 26

Brazil Benefits of migration

Answer 26

Expanding its agricultural industry, especially coffee cultivation :

Between 1917 and 1940 over 164,000 Japanese came to Brazil, 75% of them going to São Paulo, where most of the coffee plantations were located.

Remittances from ex-pats, generating US $2.4 billion, in 2014 - 0.1 per cent of GDP

Question 27

Brazil consequences of migration

Answer 27

Between 1872 and 1972, 57 percent of the roughly 5.4 million newcomers to Brazil would settle in just one city: São Paulo. With mass immigration also came discontent, uprisings, and flight among those unwilling to endure harsh treatment on plantations and in factories. Communities formed around national identities. Many immigrants actively reinforced the colour line by treating Afro-Brazilians aggressively, and cases of White-on-Black violence fill police records. Newcomers also turned to political action in order to better their lives, joining unions, going on strikes, and sometimes taking their grievances to the streets. Formal and informal rules threatened all activist workers with job loss and imprisonment, and during the 19th and 20th centuries officials deported hundreds of labor leaders. Despite the repression, many immigrants remained committed to labor and social rights.