Migration - Exam Flashcards
LIDC Migration CS
Laos
Laos Push factors
Insufficient land available for farming
Periodic droughts lead to food insecurity
There is a lack of alternative occupations in rural areas
Laos Pull factors
There is a strong motivation to follow others who have returned financially stable from past migrations.
The minimum wage in Thailand is 300 baht compared to 80 baht in Laos.
For many families in Laos remittances is the main source of income.
There is growing demand for unskilled labour in Thailand, and due to poor education many people in Laos are unskilled.
Familiar with Thai culture and language
+ Improved access across the Mekong
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Opportunities for Laos and other ASEAN countries as a result of the migration corridor
Closer political ties and stability between countries
Particularly Laos, Thailand and Vietnam
Remittances sent back from Laos migrants can help alleviate the 22% in poverty in Laos
400 investment projects underway between Laos and Vietnam
Consequences of Laos Migration
Lots of under 18 migrants creating illegal trafficking schemes
Brain drain effect
Laos migrant Stats
1.29 million Laos born migrants living abroad, mainly in Thailand
73% of country employed in agriculture
Minimum wage comparison
80 baht Laos
300 Baht Thailand
AC migration CS
USA
USA Pull factors
Employment opportunities for high and low-skilled workers, higher wages, educational opportunities and access to health services.
Higher minimum wage in comparison to South American countries, as well as higher standard of living.
Migration corridors into USA - Mexico
Mexico 2013 employment stats:
Services (31%)
Natural resources, construction, manufacturing 25%
Transport 22%
illegal immigrants in USA = 11.5million (6million Mexican)
Mexico used as a transit country for other Latin American countries
Migration corridors into the USA - China
US policy aims to attract high skilled, well qualified professionals (China and India)
Employment in business and science 2013:
Chinese immigrants 51% went into industry
Indian immigrants 73% went into industry
USA immigration policy five principles
Reunification
Refugee
Skilled workers
Diversity
Humanitarian relief
USA annual visa limit
650,000
USA Visa count for those with skills
140,000
Dangerous route into the USA - Illegal trafficking method.
Florida Strait from Bahamas;
South American illegal migrants travelling to the Bahamas and boating across the Florida Strait, which can be fatal.
Florida Strait deaths
In early 2022, 39 people died crossing the Florida strait
Consequences to AC due to migration
Illegal migration is extremely costly:
$150 billion of taxpayers funds used to fund illegal immigrants use of services via fraud, border patrol costs etc. Also, Illegal immigrants don’t pay taxes.
Both legal and Illegal migrants put strain on resources. California for example, which due to overpopulation is now facing water shortages and overcrowding in schools. In addition, city traffic is at an all time high bearing consequences at a local scale.
EDC Migration CS
Brazil
Brazil net emigration stat historically and now
2005 / 2009 = - 500,000.
2010 / 2014 = - 190,000.
Brazil immigration
Influx of migrants from Haiti and African countries using Ecuador and Chile as transit countries.
There was a rise in number of international labour migrants attracted by the construction industry for the 2014 football World Cup and 2016 Olympics.
Brazil internal immigration?
From North to South rural to urban migration;
Sāo Paulo, Rio De Janeiro
Migrant emigration corridors in Brazil
USA (370,000)
Japan (370,000, due to repatriation)
Portugal (140,000)
Migrant Immigration corridors in Brazil
Portugal (140,000)
Japan (50,000)
Paraguay (40,000)
Largest Brazilian ex-pat population
USA, 1.9 million approx.
Brazil Benefits of migration
Expanding its agricultural industry, especially coffee cultivation :
Between 1917 and 1940 over 164,000 Japanese came to Brazil, 75% of them going to São Paulo, where most of the coffee plantations were located.
Remittances from ex-pats, generating US $2.4 billion, in 2014 - 0.1 per cent of GDP
Brazil consequences of migration
Between 1872 and 1972, 57 percent of the roughly 5.4 million newcomers to Brazil would settle in just one city: São Paulo. With mass immigration also came discontent, uprisings, and flight among those unwilling to endure harsh treatment on plantations and in factories. Communities formed around national identities. Many immigrants actively reinforced the colour line by treating Afro-Brazilians aggressively, and cases of White-on-Black violence fill police records. Newcomers also turned to political action in order to better their lives, joining unions, going on strikes, and sometimes taking their grievances to the streets. Formal and informal rules threatened all activist workers with job loss and imprisonment, and during the 19th and 20th centuries officials deported hundreds of labor leaders. Despite the repression, many immigrants remained committed to labor and social rights.
