CSMP - Exam

Question 1

What 7 factors make up a place identity?

Answer 1

1) Connections to the place
2) Built / Natural Environment
3) Cultural identity
4) Demographic
5) Historic
6) Socio - economic
7) Political

Question 2

What 5 types of informal representation could influence the way someone views a place?

Answer 2

1) Media - Tv, Films, Adverts
2) Social Media
3) Newspapers
4) Blogs
5) Art

Question 3

What 3 types of formal representation could influence the way someone views a place?

Answer 3

1) Census data (once every 10 yrs)
2) Legal documents
3) OS maps / GIS data

Question 4

Differences between informal and formal representation

Answer 4

Informal = Subjective bias, which is likely affected due to personal opinion of the place.

Formal = Objective data, no bias.

Question 5

Define Interdependance

Answer 5

The reliance of countries upon other countries such that no country can survive in isolation (in terms of trade, capital and labour).

Question 6

Define Globalisation

Answer 6

The growing interdependence of countries due to the increasing integration of trade, finance, people and ideas in one global marketplace.

Question 7

Define Interconnected

Answer 7

The idea that countries are connected via the internet, trade and transport.

Question 8

Time space compression

Answer 8

The concept of space has been compressed in relation to time. E.G. phone calling Australia while being in UK.

Question 9

Friction of distance

Answer 9

The amount of time and effort taken to travel. E.g Planes have made travelling faster & easier.

Question 10

Global village

Answer 10

The world does not seem to be as big as it used to be, due to interconnection and friction of distance shortened.

Question 11

5 factors which effect place perception

Answer 11

Age:

People’s perceptions change depending on their age. For instance, if a young child were to go to a theme park aimed at young children, they would enjoy it more than older children. This means that age can change the perception of a place, and whether or not it is held in a positive light by the perceptor.

Gender:

Gender can also change the perception of a place. For example, if a woman was to go to a gentlemans club, they would not be welcomed and would therefore not have a good perception of that place compared to what a male would have.

Sexuality:

Sexuality can play a part in what their perception of a place would be. For instance, same sex couples are not allowed in countries such as Saudi Arabia. This would create a negative perception of the place for gay people.

Religious:

Religion can change the place perceptions for areas such as holy places and prayer areas. A muslim will have a different experience of a mosque compared to an atheist, as they will feel a stronger connection to the place.

Role:

Your role in a place can change how you perceive it, like a janitor working somewhere compared to a visitor visiting a place. If you work at a place, then your perception will be different compared to someone visiting for leisure.

Question 12

Past connections

Answer 12

Past:

Ethnic connections, such as past migration patterns.

• E.g. Japanese coffee cultivators living in brazil, have their own communities, shaping place identity

Historical connections such as street names and old buildings

• Old Portsmouth; past historical connections to the maritime industry and navy

Question 13

Present connections

Answer 13

Present:

• Modern day workflows
• E.g. Guildford being a commuters belt city, growing due to the expansion
• This therefore influences socioeconomic features within the city, due to its present day connection with London

Question 14

Shifting flows of people, what it relates to, and how it can differ.

Answer 14

Migration

Both inflows and outflows of people

There are migrant corridors which exist between countries

Migration patterns can be influenced by the life cycle of the migrants; For example, Laos working age migrants moving due to push factors in their home countries

This can also be dependent on the type of place;

• London higher rates of highly skilled socio-economic migrants
• Compared to Rural areas in the UK; Also dependent on the current global situation:
  
  • Covid-19 + Brexit resulting in work visas + migration of European fruit pickers

Question 15

Resources effecting place characteristics, with examples.

Answer 15

The availability of resources in a place can effect its characteristics.

• EDC - Seirra Leone
  
  • Faced challenges by Colonial influences + MNCs + Corruption
  • Leading to the exploitation of workers + low socioeconomics
  • Built characteristics = Quarry and workers villages
• AC - UAE, Dubai specifically, detransitioning from an oil based economy to tourism.
  
  • Effected its built environment heavily
  • In addition to its socio economics
    
    • As it has now transitioned to tertiary industry due to business incentives (low tax)

Question 16

Levels of government which affect place characteristics via investment in a place:

Answer 16

• Transitional
  
  • Organisations operating across international borders such as the UN and EU
• National
  
  • The organisation responsible for government within a sovereign country
• Regional
  
  • This depends on how any one particular country is organised. In Germany there is a strong system of regional government allowing for stronger focus on regional socioeconomic development; Can be seen in the UK in devolution and US due to state federalism
• Local
  
  • Local town councils and parishes. Not on a regional scale (e.g. Hampshire, England) but instead local (Hilsea)

Question 17

EDC inequality case study

Answer 17

South Africa - Cape Town

Question 18

EDC inequality CS - Evidence of social inequality

Answer 18

High proportions of Black SA population are living in shanty town “township” settlements → Poor resources; Little clean water, no sewage.
This is spatial inequality.
In contrast, white majority areas tend to be gated communities → This is due to white population feeling unsafe around black population (e.g Trespassing signs written in minority languages).

To this day there is a large disparity between races in terms of employment rates.
Social mobility (moving up social classes) is harder for black SA to white SA.
There is a current water crisis due to inequality.

Question 19

EDC inequality CS - Social inequality measurement Stats

Answer 19

SA Gini Coefficient is 0.63
Human Development Index is 0.67

Question 20

EDC inequality CS - Causes of social inequality

Answer 20

Demographic:
Apartheid (from 1948/1994) - Forced segregation between races in SA.
Apartheid came to an end in 1994, but there is still a legacy of inequality to this day.

Class inequality - Classism exists in SA due to the wealthier white citizens possessing the majority of the wealth in SA.

Question 21

EDC Inequality CS - Impacts of social inequality

Answer 21

Demographic:
Segregation began with the group areas act, where different races were forcibly moved to separate areas.
Black population were given ID’s to prevent them from going to white areas.
Gini = 0.63 → The Government is to blame for this; democratic alliance.

Spatial inequality:
New apartment complexes for the wealthy being built next to slums for the poor / low class. Has traces of racism also

Question 22

EDC Inequality CS - What is being done to tackle social inequality?

Answer 22

Education:
New schools being built - to educate lower class individuals who have less opportunities to become skilled high earners.
“The number of schools within the greater City of Cape Town increased gradually since 2014 amidst rising population figures which increased the demand for educational facilities. There were 760 schools within the greater City of Cape Town in 2016 which accommodated 639 251 learners.”

Healthcare:
New hospitals being built to accommodate the wider population - Primary and secondary check in centres.
No. of Ambulances increased.

Income inequality and Poverty:
HD index decreased through 2000 - 0.63 HDI
0.72 as of 2020

Question 23

AC Inequality CS

Answer 23

Manchester

Question 24

AC Inequality CS - Evidence of social inequality

Answer 24

Income inequality:
that 157,000 Greater Manchester households are experiencing fuel poverty (when population cannot afford heating).

Around 250,000 people are claiming help towards housing costs.

20% of all jobs in the region are paid less than the Real Living Wage.

The Annual Greater Manchester Poverty Monitor for this year shows a total of 620,000 people are living in poverty in the city-region, including 200,000 children.

Demographic:
Large amounts of racism:
Robert Browne calling a teacher a Paki and chasing him with umbrellas, fined £300

Question 25

AC Inequality CS - Causes of social inequality

Answer 25

Lack of Employment:
There is a lack of “good work” (low income).
Recruitment practises are not enhancing the diversity of workplaces in Greater Manchester.
Zero hour contracts cause job / pay uncertainty.
Public sector jobs are poor quality.
Young people are not receiving targeted employment support, and there are ongoing challenges faced by people of colour and those with disabilities which need to be addressed.
Gender - 66% of Women employed, whereas 71% of men employed.

Income - 90% of Manny LSOA Segments in the 50% most deprived areas in
England when calculated with Gini.

Healthcare:
Lack of tailored mental health support for residents.

Demographic:
Large amounts of racism:
Robert Browne calling a teacher a Paki and chasing him with umbrellas, fined £300
Ethnicity - 30% of ethnic minority were economically inactive compared to the 20% white.

Question 26

More AC social inequality stats:

Answer 26

Gender - 66% of Women employed, whereas 71% of men employed.

Income - 90% of Manny LSOA Segments in the 50% most deprived areas in
England when calculated with Gini.

Ethnicity - 30% of ethnic minority were economically inactive compared to the 20% white.

Question 27

AC Inequality CS - What is being done to tackle social inequality?

Answer 27

Healthcare improvements: £50 million granted to greater manchester in order to alleviate healthcare inequality.

Equality act 2010:
Ruled that employers cannot discriminate against workers

Housing: Increases in social housing, although mostly private.

Question 28

London docklands - 3 economic players which influenced economic change

Answer 28

LDDC
TFL
Businesses

Question 29

LDDC?

Answer 29

London docklands development corporation
1981
By Thatchers govt.
In order to prevent local councils in interfering with the governments plans to regenerate the docklands
Part of thatchers overall plan to move the UK to a service based economy. instead of industrial.

Top down development of London docklands, demolishing low rent housing in the area, in order to make way for airport and canary wharf plans on isle of dogs.

Created the docklands enterprise economic zone, which gives tax breaks for corporations which are based there, incentivising them to set up in the area, providing jobs + economic boost.

Question 30

TFL

Answer 30

They did this by introducing the DLR (Docklands light railway) with the railway opening in 1987 with 11 single-car trains and 15 stations. The original network comprised two routes, later on to connect to the whole of London via the tube system. TFL spent around £77 million in 1985 developing the railway (£238 million in 2020 after inflation), which was a worthwhile investment due to the large economic impact it had on the area, as commuters could travel to and from the new financial hub efficiently, saving time and increasing output, growing the national economy.

Question 31

Businesses in the London docklands

Answer 31

Businesses were incentivised with the economic development zoning courtesy of the LDDC, which allowed them to move docklands / canary wharf.

In particular, HSBC bank in one Canada square (once the tallest building in the UK) was a major attraction for visitors as well as a large employer in the area of skilled workers which spent on other local businesses. Also, it incentivised other banks to move to the area instead of London city area.

Question 32

Two players negatively effected by regeneration

Answer 32

Clay’s lane estate in the Elizabeth park area.

450 people forced to leave their low rent housing in the area in order to make way for the Olympic park project, which was to be built on the brown field industrial site in Stratford, East London.

Residents were promised better quality housing elsewhere, in addition to £8,500 compensation, however, the relocation was not entirely successful.

People living in the low rent housing in the London docklands + isle of dogs - protests frequently, including the “thames armada” boat protests in the 80’s

Question 33

History of the London docklands

Answer 33

The royal docks were the main shipping port in England, supplying goods to London specifically. In addition, that area was also an industrial powerhouse.

After world war 1, it went into economic decline

Specifically, globalisation was the cause; Companies moved out the area for cheaper manufacturing costs elsewhere.

Additionally, containerisation prevented the docks from expanding further. Thames not large / deep enough to sustain a deep water port like Southampton, for instance.

Question 34

Two regeneration case studies

Answer 34

Olympic park
Cornwall eden project

Question 35

Cornwall regeneration main points

Answer 35

Cornwall suffered from deprivation, with more than a third of children living in poverty.

In 1994 Cornwall had the greatest proportion of low paid workers in England

The eden project, a flagship project to rebrand a deprived Cornwall.

built on a disused China clay quarry - sustainable.
The Project was constructed as a vast sheltered garden, aimed originally at educating visitors about the dependence of people upon plants.

Constructed in 1998

Saw 1 million visitors in 2019

Question 36

Cornwall regeneration Pros

Answer 36

Grows the local economy in Cornwall by providing jobs.
The Eden Project is said to have contributed over £1 billion to the Cornish economy.
Tourism increased to area - spending in area increased, as well as having a drawback factor so tourists can continue coming back to the Eden project.
Draws tourists into the area, giving them opportunities to visit other local sights also.
Brings Cornwall attention on the world stage.
Was sustainable - Built on a disused quarry.

Question 37

Cornwall regeneration Cons

Answer 37

Tourists travelling to the Eden Project cause pollution.
May not have enough enjoyability for visitors to return twice.

Question 38

Olympic park regeneration main points

Answer 38

Stratford was a brown-field site which needed soil cleaning before any major work was done due to previous contamination from chemical factories.

Resulted in the demolition of the old industrial estate, as well as clays lane, (450 left, 8,500 promised pp)

In order to make way for the 2012 olympic park project, which bid was won by London due to the sustainable legacy plan and community involvement in the project.

Foe example, Devon estate, £50,000 allocated from the fund, community involved, spent on football pitch, running track, park, bench lighting; placemaking characteristics benefitting community.

Question 39

Olympic park flagship project features

Answer 39

Aquatics centre, used for olympics, now opened for community, cost 269 million

Acceleromital orbital, tourist attraction in the area

London Stadium, West ham united COYI, 80,000 capacity during 2012, then remodelled to 60,000.

Copper box arena, 40% rainwater collected re-used

Velodrome, natural light in order to reduce electricity

Question 40

Rebranding is…

Answer 40

Re-imaging = Remodelling of areas in order to counter negative perceptions and provide post-industrial functions, such as retail, living, entertainment etc.

Re-generation = Long term process involving social, economical and physical actions to reverse decline and create sustainable communities.

Question 41

What are the stages of the spiral of decline?

Answer 41

Poor image
Residents leave
Businesses leave
Unemployment worsens
People loose pride in the place

Question 42

4 D’s of decline

Answer 42

De-industrialisation:
* Loss of industry
* Structural unemployment

De-population:
* No reason to stay in place
* Migration + globalisation due to friction of travel

Dereliction:
* Businesses and people leave
* Economic decline
* No upkeep

Deprivation:
* Last step in decline
* Lacks what is normal in a society:
* Healthcare
* Education
* Median income
* Opportunity

Question 43

Portsmouth v Petersfield contrasting socio-economic & cultural characteristics?

Answer 43

Petersfield:

Socio-economic =
* Wealthy retired pensioners, Majority financially
comfortable.
* The average salary is estimated at £31,000.
* Most jobs ads for Petersfield are for hospitality and
catering, trade and construction jobs.

Cultural =
* No foreign cultural characteristics.
* 68% Christian
* 30.2% Atheist
* 96.2% White
* Petersfield, although being a more rural community
has many restaurants with cuisines from other
countries including: Tai Tong Chinese Restaurant,
Spice Lounge Indian Restaurant, however the majority
of restaurants are traditional English pubs like The Old
Drum.

Portsmouth:

Socio economic =
* Wealthier areas of Portsmouth such as Gunwharf have
a higher average income compared to a more
deprived area like Fratton.
* Average salary in Portsmouth is estimated at £37,000,
which varies depending on area.

Cultural =
* Has cultural links through international food and
religion (mosques and churches)
* 52.2% Christian
* 34.2% Atheist
* 4% White
* Portsmouth, being a multicultural city has many
restaurants with the majority being of non British
cuisine origin. Such as Maya Latin American
Restaurant as well as Malaysian / Japanese Rakuzen &
Sakura.
However being a more commercial centre than
Petersfield there are more franchises such as Nando’s.