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A Level Geography (OCR) > Migration - Case Studies > Flashcards

Migration - Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

How much was the net migration loss in total between 2000-2009 from Brazil?

A

1 million net loss ( half a million 2000-04 and same again 2005-2009)

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2
Q

How much has emigration from Brazil changed between 2000 and 2013?

A

2000 there was 0.98 living abroad, 2013 there was 1.77 million

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3
Q

How much did Brazilian families received in US $ from remittances

A

$2.4 billion US (0.1 % of GDP)

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4
Q

During the 19th/20th century which Europeans and Asians had ties with Brazil and WHY?

A

Germans, Italians and Portuguese - migrated to farm coffee. Japanese migrated to be agricultural workers.

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5
Q

Describe some of the major current immigration or emigration patterns involving Brazil [6]

A

1) South to South in Mercosur (i.e Argentina/Chile)

2) Less low skilled to USA

3) More high skilled to Europe/Japan & USA,

4) Internal migration (NE to SE)

5) Labour migrants to 2014 World Cup/2016 Olympics

6) Increased refugees from natural disasters - Haiti (2010 Earthquake and Hurriance Sandy 2012)

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6
Q

What is Mercosur and how has it helped migration in South America

A

Trading bloc in South America that allows freedom of movement of labour

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7
Q

Give reasons for 2 the migration patterns between Brazil and other countries [4]

A

1) Portugal = former colony, cultural/language ties

2) USA - opportunities for high/low skilled labour

3) Japan - historical connection

4) Haiti - visas available/ disasters

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8
Q

Explain how migration has increased social inequality in Brazil

A

Increased poverty in favelas as migrants often move to these areas. African migrants are often discriminated against in Brazil due to their race in terms of housing, job opp.

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9
Q

Explain how migration has increased political stability in Brazil (2)

A
  1. Freer flow of trade and labour between Mercosur members promotes politcal stability
  2. Has helped forge clear and co-operative relationships with Japan, Portugal and USA
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10
Q

Who allowed Haitian migrants to gain visas to Brazil?

A

National Immigration Council of Brazil - allow Haitians to obtain visas - reducing the likelihood they would be trafficked

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11
Q

What disasters caused Haitians to migrate to Brazil? How many more migrants did this produce for Brazil from Haiti?

A

2010 Earthquake and Hurricane Sandy 2012 - numbers of immigrants from Haiti rose from less than 2,000 in 2010 to over 11,000 in 2013

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12
Q

Where have most Haitian migrants end up? What sector?

A

South East Brazil in regions of Rio Grande Do Sul and Santa Catarina - in agriculture (especially corn and maize production) or factories

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13
Q

What sector do high skilled Brazilians end up in USA?

A

Tertiary sector - often in education/teacher training

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14
Q

What assistance have USAID given to Brazil due to links created via migration? (2)

A

1) Helping protect indigenous tribal lands of Xavante people from forest fires via training

2) Working with Brazilian govt. to implement laws on how to sustainably manage their forests

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15
Q

What economic interdependence is there between countries and Brazil? [3]

A

1) USA & Brazil: Low skilled Brazilians sent remittances back to Brazil. High skilled Brazilians have opportunities in education & service sector in the US

2)Haiti-Brazil: Haitians trying to escape poverty/unemployment/politcal instability are migrating to Brazil to take up jobs in agriculture & factories in SE Brazil (i.e. Rio Grande Do Sol & Santa Catarina)

3)Portugal-Brazil: Portugal is gateway to EU for economic migrants from Brazil & opp to send remittances. Portuguese migrate to Brazil for high-skilled jobs.

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16
Q

What political interdependence is there between countries and Brazil? [3]

A

1) USA & Brazil - USA has forged trade agreements with Brazil in terms of agriculture, finance, education &n defense

2) Haiti-Brazil - National Immigration Council in Brazil helps Haitians get visas to migrate to Brazil, especially those that have suffered due to natural disasters (2010 Haiti Earthquake & Hurricane Sandy 2012)

3)Portugal-Brazil: Brazilians given ‘special status’ by Portuguese govt when applying to migrate - makes migration easy

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17
Q

What environmental interdependence is there between countries and Brazil?

A

1) USA & Brazil - US government (via branch of govt called ‘USAID’) supports environmental projects - helping the Xavante tribe to protect their lands against forest fires & assisting the Brazilian govt in designing laws to make forest management more sustainable

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18
Q

What social interdependence is there between countries and Brazil?

A

1) Portugal & Brazil: Brazil is former colony of Portugal - very similar language & culture (historic migration in c19th from Portugal) and so easy bilateral migration and easy to intergate due to well developed diaspora networks

19
Q

Where do most people from Laos emigrate to?

A

Thailand

20
Q

Does Laos have a net migration gain or loss?

A

Net migration loss. This means that more people are emigrating from Laos than are immigrating into Laos.

21
Q

Explain four factors that have made it easier to migrate to Thailand?

A
  1. Similar language and culture
  2. Improved access across Mekong
  3. Growth of ‘brokers’ who can help get jobs in Thailand
  4. ILO job fairs in Laos which help Laotians get stable opportunities in Thailand
22
Q

Outline the 3 strands of Laos ‘National Plan of Action’ with examples of how they are doing this

A

Prevention - poverty alleviation, awareness campaigns and education

Protection - reintegration of returning migrants / shelters for women who have been trafficked

Prosecution - border official training, investigation trafficking networks, stronger laws

23
Q

Main reasons for mass emigration to Thailand for Laos migrants [5]

A

1) Few opportunities apart from agriculture in rural areas

2) Droughts & lack of available land for farming = food insecurity for population

3) Successful migrants who make money act as motivation for more to migrate

4) Min. wage in Thailand higher = 300 baht (Laos = 80 baht)

5)Thai economy needs unskilled labour for growing economy (i.e construction)

24
Q

How is International Labour Organisation (ILO) trying to make Laos-Thai migration safer?

A

ILO setting up job fairs in Laos to reduce trafficking (as have a job before they go) and generally provide clear advice for migrants (i.e where to get accomodation/scams to watch out for)

25
Q

Which trading bloc is Laos part of?

A

ASEAN

26
Q

Which professions have freer movement because Laos is part of same trading bloc as Thailand?

A

Skilled professionals - i.e nursing, medicine, dentists, architects

27
Q

How are Laos-Thailand becoming more interdependent on each other? (6 ideas)

A

1) Laos providing Thai economy with unskilled labour for growing agriculture, factory work & construction; Laotians send home remittances

2) Communciation and trade between countries improved (building of Friendship Bridge over Mekong River to connect countries better)

3) Co-operating together to manage flooding on Mekong (Mekong River Comission)

4) Joint projects together (i.e Don Sahong Dam - hydroelectric power)

5) High Speed rail links linking Laos, Thailand and Vietnam

6) Working together on Trafficking Issue - i.e COMMIT initiative

28
Q

Opportunities created for Laos due to migration with Thailand? (4 ideas)

A

1) Has increased co-operation between Thailand and Vietnam on trade , investment & joint projects (i.e Vietnam have invested in 400 projects in Laos)

2) Remittances are very important can be used for buying agricultural machinery/domestic goods back in Laos - i.e 22% of Laotians live below povety line

3) Remittances help spark ‘multiplier effect’ local and regionally in Laos

4) Improved political stability between Vietnam, Laos and Thailand as now rely on each other for labour, trade etc due to migration

29
Q

Challenges created for Laos due to migration with Thailand? (3 ideas)

A

1) Most Laotian migrants = under 18, low skilled and poorly education when 1st migrate = leads to lots of trafficking/exploitation issues

2 )Skilled workers lost to Thailand (i.e carpenters/mechanics/nurses) = ‘brain drain’ which holds back Laotian economy

3) Some industries in Laos held back due to people moving to Thailand (i.e garment industry = largest manufacturer but losing female workers to Thai for better pay)

30
Q

Where do the majority of UK immigrants come from?

A
  • Poland
  • India
  • Pakistan
31
Q

How many NHS workers are from the EU?

A
  • 1 in 6
32
Q

What was the net UK migration in 2023?

A

+ 745,000

33
Q

How many UK born citizens lived abroad (2013)?

A
  • 5.1 million
33
Q

Which countries hold the largest amount of UK emigrants?

A
  • Australia
  • USA
  • Canada
34
Q

How many Indian students go to the UK to study?

A
  • 140,000
35
Q

What are the reasons for emigration?

A
  • employment opportunities
  • joining family overseas
  • retirement
36
Q

How many lorry drivers are from the EU?

A
  • 1 in 8
37
Q

What is the % of immigrants that moved to the UK looking for work?

A
  • 16%
38
Q

What is the differences in wages between Russia and the UK?

A

Russia = 600
UK = 2200

  • more remittances for family members
39
Q

How many immigrants came to the UK from the EU?

A

2013 = +190,000
2023 = - 86,000

40
Q

How many foreign born people were living in the UK in 2022?

A
  • over 10 million
41
Q

Where are the majority of immigrants found in the UK?

A
  • London (38%)
42
Q

How do you enter the UK as an immigrant?

A
  • through the 70 point system
  • require proof of a salary of £22,000 or more

A Level Geography (OCR) (5 decks)

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