Migration case studies Flashcards
International migration and levels of engagement with global economy- Japan, Singapore and Australia case study
Japan:
- Declining population- 27% are 65 or over- working age population expected to drop to 44 million by 2037
- Less than 2% of population is foreign born
- Strict migration rules
- 54th most globalised- KOF index
- High flows of capital
- Closed door to migration
- Japanese not international language, so not spoken much outside of Japan
Singapore:
- High percentage of foreign workers- great ethnic diversity
- High flows of capital and labour- 5th most globalised
- 4th largest financial sector
- Many TNC’s have Asia- pacific HQ’s here
- Many international schools here to migrants whose first language is not Malay
- High migration due to TNC’s HQ’s here
Australia:
- Restrictive migration policies- points based migration program
- 2013- only 190,000 economic migrants let in
- Location with low pop. allows migration not to reach high level
- 23rd most globalised- KOF index
- Moderate flows of capital
- Keep migrants applying for asylum in holding centre in papa new guinea- poor conditions
- Ageing population
Regional movements in the UK case study
- Into London- looking for job opportunities and lots of deindustrialisation
- Out of London- starting family, Retiring and cheap homes
- Decrease in unemployment
- Pressure on housing and school
- North south divide increase
- International migration discouraged because- Make sure no overpopulation/ shortage of jobs
- Easier to get employment- have qualifications
Migrants crossing Mediterranean case study
Syria:
- Civil war
- High unemployment and lack of clean food/water due to war
- Forced migration due to war
- Opportunities to be safe from conflict
Afghanistan:
- Cost of living
- Lack of employment opportunities
- Escape political prosecution or war
- Escape bombing from NATO
- Have more employment opportunities
Eritrea:
- Lack of political, regional and social freedom
- Little economic opportunities
- Young trapped in mandatory national service
Nigeria:
- Political conflicts
- Population growth
- Environmental factors like droughts
- Famine
- Better opportunities available
Assimilation of migrants- UK and Germany case study
UK:
- First migrants assimilate less than their children
- Some migrant groups have assimilated more than others- Irish, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi- see themselves as British rapidly
- Europeans and US migrants less likely to assimilate- Italians least likely to see themselves as British
- Muslims are less likely to assimilate than other groups
Germany:
- Germany had migration for pension gap to be filled- due to them having less children
- Southern and Eastern Europe easily assimilated compared to areas like turkey in terms of immigration
- German assumed they would come after war to help rebuild and then leave later- never happened
- Language is an indicator of assimilation
- Faith is a major player in integration- Starker in Germany
Labor flow perceptions- EU and Mexico-US case study
Mexico-US- labour flow:
- Immigrants lead to over population
- 1/5 of USA Hispanic
- Youthful migration offsets demographic problems
- Bring in drugs, crime rates and gang problems
- Changing food, language of the US- Spanish one of the most popular languages
- Media in America making Spanish shows- Netflix
- Migrants will work in needed gaps – helping economic growth
- Migrants being exploited
Migration between EU states:
- Migrants having lots of children- rapid population growth
- Migrants are young
- People move to areas where there are diasporas/religion
- Migrants live in poorest parts of the city-slums
- Migrants from north Africa/ middle east- decrease in Christianity in the EU
- All countries with large Muslim population are more favourable to Muslim immigration (UK, Germany)
- More diversity
- Preference over highly skilled migrants
- Take jobs
- Pressure on cervices- welfare system
Border controls/policies case study
- Denmark- attitude = anti-migration- fairly strict border policies- cash incentive to leave if they cannot assimilate- driven by far-right Danish peoples party
- UK- immigration publics most important issue- Positive net migration- decreased influenced decision-making process- similar to Denmark with cash incentive
- Canada- one of the most open migration policies in the world- 21.3% of total population is foreign born – mainly due to start up visa program for highly skilled foreign workers
- Japan- racially unique and homogenous society- foreign born only 1.7% of total population- strict/ anti-migration drawn heavy criticism- ageing population
- Australia- concerns about conditions immigrants are living in – second class citizens- lots of detention centres for asylum seekers
Singapore compared to Iceland- ethnic, cultural and linguistic unity case study
Singapore Iceland Ethnic make-up 76.8%-Chinese, 7.9% Indian, 13.9% Malay and 1.4% other 94%-Norse/Celt mix, 6%-other Linguistic unity English-Predominated language Singlish Icelandic History of population growth Population has tripled in last 60 years- population growth 5% 1960 and in 2019 0.8%
Slow steadily growth of population from 46,000 in 1769 to 341,000 by 2020. Growth remained low throughout last century due to high emigration.
Isolation
-Big financial centre and trade hub
- Not isolated
-Surrounded by southeast Asian countries and next to Indian and Atlantic oceans
- Isolated in Atlantic ocean near Greenland(Southeast of Greenland)
Role of migration
-Strong economy
-Lenient migration policy
-Good education
-colonisation
-Low taxation
-High quality of life
- Most need to obtain residence permit if wanting to stay for over 3 months ( easily accepted) – Thousands of immigrants accepted Europe/America
Contested borders-Taiwan, Crimea and Kashmir case study
Taiwan
Crimea
Kashmir
Explanation of Border dispute
Communist revolution established ROC in 1947, never officially declared independence from China, but run as its own country.
Ukraine revolution in 2014- pro Europe president came into power and tried to move away from Russia’s sphere of influence – As a result Russia entered and caused referendum to-‘protect Russian Crimea’
Religious differences in the area led to people demanding two separate states which led to conflict between India and Pakistan for gets Kashmir.
International recognition
Most countries recognise Taiwan as part of China – ‘One China Policy’ – China’s increasing global influence led to fewer countries recognising Taiwan- Japan an USA acknowledge instead of recognise
Most countries do not recognise Crimea as part of Russia. Lots of counties put sanctions on Russia. Ukraine allies voted for Russia’s annexation
About half is recognised as Pakistan and half as India
Risk of Conflict?
China threatened to use force if Taiwan declare independence- USA backs Taiwan which could lead to conflict between USA and China.
NATO fears Russia will take Eastern Ukraine by funding eastern Ukraine separatist groups. Rising between Russia and the west.
Cease fire signed 2003- before Kashmir lead to 3 wars 1947,1965,1999 – Uptick in border skirmishes began in 2016-2018 killed dozens and displaced thousands
Impact on population movements
Economic successes, so people move here for job opportunities- population made up of mainly high skilled workers.
Crimea annexed by Russia caused 150,000 Russians migrated into Crimea- While 150,000 left the Ukraine
Approx. 75,000-100,000 temporarily displaced each year due to conflict.
Colonial history and different ethnic or religious groups- Rwanda genocide case study
- 85% Hutu, 14% Tutsi – Colonial history led the to gain independence -Both groups were similar disagreements grown since colonial period- Belgium colonized and radicalized difference between the two different groups and pushed racist theories of genetic superiority of Tutsis- Belgians favored Tutsis, giving the better jobs and education leading to resentment. After independence Hutu president with nationalist goals for Hutus. – Eventually led to genocide after assignation of Hutu president.
- 6 deaths a minute
- Killing continued for 100 days
- 75,000 children orphaned
- 800,000 people killed
- In many African countries
Jamaica’s SAP case study
- Belief Jamaica will not thrive by only producing for itself
- No government regulation in the trading of commodities
- Competition in trade destroyed dairy industry
- Competition in agriculture makes it cheaper to import it then buy it from local producers
- Everything farmers used to grow in terms of agriculture is now imported
- Made Jamaica more dependent on these importers- Economy much more under the control of foreigners- through mechanisms of debt
Regional groupings case study
- NAFTA- linking 3 countries, free trade agreement- 400% increases in trade- some tariffs on agriculture still
- EU- Free trade bloc, customs union, political union, common currency, and free movement- Schengen area
- AU- Several regional trade blocs- movement for one large trade bloc, customs union, military functions, and common currency
- ASEAN- Regional organization of 10 countries- aims to increase growth, advance social goals, reduce tariffs, free movement of goods and people, and promote geopolitical stability
Montreal protocol ( Bans substances that deplete ozone) case study
- Ban on the global use of ozone-damaging chemicals like CFC’s, HFC’s and Halon
- 142 countries were able to meet 100% phase-out mark for CFC’s, halons and other by ODS by 2010
- Countries that broke protocol were not supported and punished
- Developing countries given longer to Phase ODS out
- Negotiations held in small, informal groups, enabling genuine exchange of views
CITIES ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora) case study
- Protects endangered flora and fauna
- Protection of more than 35,000 species of animals and plants
- Success limited because it has become very political
- Regularly meets, so should be effective- has failed to stop illegal trade of some animals/animal products
UN convention law of the sea
- Define the boundaries of coastal zones where countries have exclusive rights to marine and mineral resources
- More retirement of single-hulled oil containers which are easier to sink
- Countries entitled to exclusive economic zones up to 200 nautical miles off their coastline
- Country may also be a contested area (Crimea) which makes it even harder to divide up continental shelf
Helsinki water convention case study
- Main principle is ‘Equitable share’ and ‘Equitable use’
- Not successful because not enforced only suggested- country with more power demands more water- Conflict over water like Ethiopia and Egypt hard to divide evenly
- Some articles are unclear and can be interpreted in different ways
