Migration and the Empire (1830-1930) Flashcards
What was the lighting like within the houses in the Highlands?
They had very dull lights installed which would hang from the ceiling, and during the day they would have a natural source of light which came through the windows.
This meant that once it reached the night, it was very difficult to do anything as you couldn’t really see anything, which made working/doing chores very difficult to do.
Highlands - How was the ventilation in the houses like?
There was no ventilation throughout the house, which often left unwanted gases, smells and diseases still within the house.
This meant that home-owners became very sick due to the bacteria coming from the house and the animals - whenever they were within the house - still remained in the air as no fresh air was able to get into the house on a regular basis.
How safe were the houses in the highlands?
The houses weren’t built safely enough to hold a family as the flooring was uneven and there was very little room for any furniture to be held in.
This meant that injuries were common for house owners as there were a lot of sharp edges and unfinished parts within each house, which caused a lot of hassle for house owners especially at night. It also lacked the sense of homelyness as there wasn’t enough room for personal items or a place where everyone can be in at the same time.
What could you find inside of the houses in the highlands?
Within the houses’ there was very little furniture and it wasn’t well equipped. If there was any furniture, it wouldn’t be of a good quality and would often be made from spare supplies. The rooms weren’t big and couldn’t hold many things within them, so only the absolute necessary was within each room. The flooring within the housing was rough and uneven which could cause a person to be unable to walk if they weren’t wearing their shoes
How would you describe the diet of a person living in the highlands?
The food the families would make were made from the crops and products they made during the day. They were often scraps and left-overs that the land-owners didn’t want.The food was very nutritious and wasn’t enough for a person to survive on.
How would you describe the weather in the Highlands?
The weather in the Highlands would often be harsh winds, cold weather and lots of heavy rain. If the rain was extremely heavy, it could be able to seep into the house through the roof as the roofs were described to be thatched and weren’t able to withstand the harsh rainfall.
Lowlands - When was the economic depression happened and how did it affect Scots?
The economy went into a depression in the 1920s and 1930s which caused the country to cut down wages and jobs.
This meant that workers were attracted to other countries as they were promising good wages and new job opportunities for workers with stable living conditions.
Lowlands - What happened to industries after WWI?
Heavy industries collapsed in Scotland after WWI.
This meant that thousands of heavy industry workers lost their jobs and had to seek work outside of Scotland as there were better opportunities over there
Lowlands - What were the repercussions due to consolidation?
There were limited opportunities to own your own land in the Lowlands due to Consolidation.
This meant that people living in the apartments would have to share the apartments with several other families as the landlord would be hoping to collect as much money as possible regardless of the conditions the people would be living in.
Lowlands - Where could workers find better wages?
Skilled workers were attracted to emigrate by higher wages abroad.
This meant that workers would move outwith the Lowlands abroad to seek out better wages for the job they do, for example textile workers would move to England to receive better wages.
Lowlands - Where was there high demand for granite workers?
Granite workers from Aberdeen were in high demand for construction projects abroad.
This meant that granite workers and their families would move out of Scotland to be closer to better job opportunities which would provide stable living conditions and wages
What occured in 1851 in Australia, which helped those in the Highlands move?
There was a gold rush in Australia in 1851.
This meant that there was lots of money going towards the country which meant better wages for those working in Australia which caused lots of workers to move to Australia.
How did new technology helped people move out of the Highlands?
New technology like steamboats cut down the journey time to places like Canada.
This meant that the journey of moving countries wasn’t as harsh and long as it would normally be which made it easier for families with children or elderly to travel to a new country which before wasn’t possible.
What quality were the houses in the Highlands?
The housing in the Highlands was of a very poor quality.
This meant that people moved elsewhere in hopes of there being better housing conditions where the houses were properly made and there weren’t several families living in one house.
Highlands - What was the land like in New Zealand and Canada?
The land in Canada and New Zealand was very fertile and great for farming on.
This meant that there were more working opportunities and better pay as there were more jobs to be done on the farms as the land was always in use.
What did the landowners do to those living on their land in the Highlands?
Landowners deliberately and forcibly cleared people off their lands to make room for sheep to graze. This was called the Highland Clearances.
This meant that the tenants living in the house were left without a place to live or a job as they weren’t kicked out so that the landowners could make room for the animals which would provide them with more money.
Where did the landlords move the Scots, from the HIghlands, to?
Landlords in the Highlands had moved their tenants to the worst bits of land for farming, usually near the coast.
This meant that Landlords were trying to get the tenants to move out willingly by making them feel unwelcome and barely providing them with good living conditions.
Where could Scots from the Highlands own their own land?
People could own their own land for the first time if they moved abroad.
This meant that they were able to get better wages elsewhere as they could be incontrol of their own piece of land which helped with having a stable wage which benefited other factors like living conditions and costs.
Move away from the Lowlands - Why couldn’t Scots own their own land?
In the lowlands, big farms bought little farms so there was little chance of owning your own land.
This meant that the owners of the smaller farms were being bought out of their farm and were left no job and no chance of income until they found a new job.
Where would young farmers stay?
Young farm workers lived in shared accommodation called ‘bothies’ with no privacy.
This meant that young farm workers were crammed into shared accommodation with large numbers of people with no room for themselves which caused them to leave and find work elsewhere which provided better living conditions.
Move away from the Lowlands - Who were replaced by machinery?
Skilled craftsmen had been taken over by factories and machines who could produce more and quicker.
This meant that people trying to find a new job would be less successful as jobs were now being given to those who have experience and have been working for a while instead of those trying to get their first job to help with living costs.
What did the family abroad do to help those in the Lowlands move away?
Some relatives who had emigrated offered to pay for the travel of family back in Scotland.
This meant that it wasn’t as expensive for people to leave Scotland as there were already families elsewhere which could help them start over somewhere else by providing them with support when they first arrive.
What were the living conditions for Scots in the lowlands?
Living conditions in the slums of Glasgow and Edinburgh led to diseases spreading easily.
This meant that many of the tenants living in the slums fled to other countries in hope to find better living conditions and better medical support if they caught anything whilst living in the slums with several other families.
What was the work like in the Lowlands?
Lots of lowland farm work was seasonal and people could face months with no job at all.
This meant that often farm workers would struggle through the winter seasons as they weren’t required to work as the land was infertile during those months which caused farm workers to look for other jobs which would provide a steady wage all year round.
What were Catholic Irish like in regards to their wages?
Catholic Irish worked for less,so the Scots saw them as driving the wages down.
This meant that Catholic Irish weren’t able to make the same amount of money as the Scots even though they worked the same job which affected their lives as they were barely making enough to live off of.
What was common between the Catholics and the protestants specifically in Glasgow?
Violent clashes between Catholics and Protestants in Glasgow were common.
This meant that it wasn’t safe for Catholics in the Protestant heavy cities as there was an extreme divide between the two groups.
Catholic Irish - What did the Church of Scotland do against the Catholics in 1923?
The Church of Scotland released anti-Catholic propaganda such as ‘The Menace of the Irish Race’ in 1923.
This meant that Catholics wouldn’t feel accepted within society as there were posters everywhere creating a false image of Catholics as they believed in something different than the Protestants did which wasn’t received right with the Protestants.
How were the Catholic Irish seen as when they arrived in Scotland?
Catholic Irish were seen as diseased and poor as they were sometimes in very poor condition due to escaping the famine.
This meant that due to the horrible conditions they faced in Ireland, the Catholics didn’t fully heal from the damages which caused them to appear differently than they did before the famine, which scared the Scots as it was unusual to them as they hadn’t seen anything like this before.
Was it difficult for Catholic Irish to find jobs?
Catholic Irish were openly discriminated against in finding jobs.
This meant that it was hard for the Catholic Irish to find work and be able to keep staying in Scotland as no one was wanting to hire them which often left them without a home and food.
What jobs would the Catholic Irish do?
The Catholic Irish worked the hardest, most dangerous manual labour jobs such as Navvies.
This meant that the Catholic Irish had to get the jobs that the Scots and the Protestants didn’t want as they weren’t as qualified as the others to have the less dangerous jobs.
What did the Catholic Irish do in terms of sports?
Catholic Irish set up their own football teams such as Celtic.
This meant that the Catholic Irish weren’t allowed to be a part of groups and clubs as many people believed that they weren’t capable of winning or were good enough to be a part of their team.
What was the education like for Catholic Irish and why was it like that?
The Catholic church set up schools for Catholic children so that they could learn safely.
This meant that it wasn’t safe for the children to be a part of the Protestant schools as they were bullied and called out for being different from the rest which left them feeling isolated within society.
Assimilated poorly - Was there a language barrier between the Catholics and the Scots?
They generally didn’t speak English but would speak Gaelic or Irish instead.
This meant that it was hard for them to communicate with the Scots as there was a language barrier which stopped them from understanding each other and gaining the mutual respect that the Scots shared with the Protestants as they did not have that language barrier.
Assimilated poorly - Did they have any likes that Scots saw as negatives in society?
Scots saw them as lowering the moral standard of the country with drinking and poverty.
This meant that Scots blamed the Catholics for bringing down the overall image of Scotland as they didn’t act the same way that the Scots did which caused them to have a negative reputation within society as they acted on their bad habits, like drinking and smoking.
Assimilated well - How was it for the Protestants to find employment?
They found it quite easy to find employment.
This meant that they were generally well-educated and were well trained which helped them find work and were appreciated by the Scots as they were improving the country economically through all the work that they did.
Assimilated well - What was the relationship like between Scots and Protestant Irish?
They married Scots quite a lot.
This meant that Protestant Irish were easily accepted into Scotland and found it easier to connect with the people as they had so many similarities with each other.
Assimilated well - What did the Scots have in common with the Protestant Irish?
Shared the same religion with Scottish people.
This meant that there wasn’t a religious divide when they came to Scotland as they shared the same beliefs as the Scots they would be living near, which helped them fit in more within the community.
Assimilated well - How much of the immigrants were Protestant?
Scots didn’t see them as threatening as they only accounted for 25% of Irish immigrants
This meant that the Scots were more welcoming towards them as they weren’t taking over jobs or housing as there weren’t many of them moving to Scotland unlike the Catholic Irish were there was hundreds of them coming over.
Assimilated well - What was the Protestant Irish’ education like?
Generally well-educated and well trained so took more skilled jobs in Scotland.
This meant that
How many Jews came to Scotland?
The number of Jewish immigrants was relatively small, their communities self-contained and many moved into suburb areas such as Pollokshield.
This meant that Scots generally accepted Jewish immigrants as they did not tend to worsen the housing and overcrowding situation in Scotland.
What was the relationship like between Jews?
Jews tended to look after one another and new immigrants by setting up a Jewish movement of “friendly societies” that served the specific health and welfare needs of the Jewish community.
This meant that Scots accepted Jewish immigrants as they were not seen to put a strain on the poor law.
What was the attitude of the young Jews like towards WWI?
Many young Jews were eager to answer the call to arms in their new country and volunteered to fight for Scotland during WWI
This meant that they were respected by Scots as they were prepared to risk their own life to defend Scotland, in which they were an immigrant, in warfare.
What was the Jews place within politics?
Jewish immigrants were involved in Scottish politics, with the majority to Jewish immigrants supporting the Labour Party in the interwar years.
This meant that Jewish immigrants gained respect from Scots for their support of the working class and involvement in trade union activities.
What happened with the Yiddish newspaper?
Yiddish language newspapers declined and were replaced with the english language newspapers such as the Glasgow publish Jewish Echo.
This meant that Scots were not particularly concerned about the Jewish impact on Scottish society and culture, as over time Jewish culture became more integrated with Scottish.
How did the Jews provide Goods for the Scots?
Jewish immigrants became established in the tailoring trade by producing affordable, quality clothing and also set up other businesses which provided goods for Scots such as watchmakers and tobacconists.
This meant that Scots benefited from the jobs that Jews did and appreciated the positive effect they had on the Scottish economy.
How did the Jews understand the English language?
Jewish Literary Societies were formed in Edinburgh (1888) and in Glasgow (1893), which sponsored sponsored English language classes.
This meant that Scots felt as though Jewish immigrants made an effort to assimilate into Scottish culture, by learning the language in an effort to fit in.
What respected professions did Jews go into?
Many Jewish immigrants were prominent in respected professions like medicine , such as Prof. Noah Morris, the first Scottish residing Jew to become chairman at the University of Glasgow in 1937.
This meant that Scots respected the work done by Jewish immigrants and viewed them as educated, intelligent and hardworking members of Scottish society.
Did many Jews want to stay in Scotland?
A large number of Jews chose not to reside in Scotland for long and simply passed through on their way to America.
This meant that Scots did not feel threatened by the number of Jewish immigrating to Scotland as they did not see them as permanent members of the Scottish community.
What were Jews labelled as in WWI?
Jewish citizens in Scotland had to register for alien status during WWI.
This meant that the Jews weren’t fully trusted and the Scots didn’t know enough about the Jews to understand which side of the war they would be on.
Where were Jews refused memberships to?
Many Scottish social and bowling clubs refused Jewish citizens entry or membership.
This meant that the Jewish people were isolated from the Scots as they wanted to separate themselves from the Jews that had joined their community.
In 1930, who tried to stir up trouble for the Jews?
Some groups such as the British Union Fascists, who one of the leaders was Scottish, made serious attempts in 1930 to stir up anti Jewish feelings in Scotland.
This meant that some Scots didn’t want the Jews in their country and made many different claims and promises to other Scots who felt the same way as them to try and force the Jewish people to move away from Scotland.
How did the newspapers refer to the Jews when writing about them?
Newspapers such as the Daily Record and Mail reported Jews negatively. They described Jews as an ‘alien danger: immigrants infected with loathsome disease’.
This meant that the newspaper would publicly humiliate the Jews in the articles that they published in hopes of further isolating the Jews and making them leave Scotland.
What happened to the Yiddish newspapers?
Many Yiddish newspapers continued to circulate in Glasgow until the eventual appearance of the English language Jewish Echo in 1928.
This meant that their culture was disappearing as they had to accept the Scottish culture or else their time within Scotland wouldn’t be as welcoming as they would have hoped as the Scots would see them as rude and ungrateful that the Scots have welcomed them into their country/town/city.
Where did the Jews have to live, since they didn’t have much money?
Many of the early Jewish immigrants were poor and so could only afford housing in areas of Glasgow like the gorbals where poor sanctification and overcrowding was already and issue
This meant that Jewish people weren’t given the best opportunities within Scotland in comparison to the Scots as they didn’t receive the same treatment as the Scots did because the Scots didn’t believe that the Jews deserved rewards over the Scots that have lived there their whole life.
How was the Jews faith received within Scotland?
Jewish immigrants continued to openly practise their Jewish faith in Scotland, which was a predominantly protestant country. Orthodox Jews looked visibly different within the Scottish community due to their traditional dress
This meant that Jews were further isolated as they didn’t accept Scottish culture and religion fully which caused them to be seen differently which then in turn were treated differently as they didn’t share the same religious views.
What work did the Jews often agree to?
Jewish immigrants often tended to agree to work for low wages, this added to the fear that there may be an overall cut in wages for workers
This meant that Scots believed that the Jews were lowering the pay rate as they were taking all of the lower wage jobs as they were desperate for work and were scared of retaliation from the Scots.
What repuatation did some Jewish shop owners gain?
Some Jewish business owners often gained a reputation as harsh ‘masters’, offering poor working conditions
This meant that they gained a negative reputation within Scotland as they weren’t portrayed positively within their community due to their disadvantage coming into Scotland and the difference the two groups of people have - the Scots and the Jews.
What shops did Italians open when they came into Scotland?
Many Italian immigrants opened up fish and chip shops.
This meant that Scots liked Italians as they provided cheap, tasty and easy food.
Did Italians change their name to suit when in Scotland?
Some second-generation Italians changed their names to sound more Scottish.
This meant that Italians made an effort to fit in with Scots which was appreciated by Scots.
What was set up to provide Italians with business loan?
In 1891 the Societa di Mutto Soccorso was set up by Italian immigrants to provide business loans for Italians.
This meant that Scots viewed Italians as less of a drain on the Poor Law as they generally looked after each other without help from Scots.
Did Italians provide barbers and hairdressing business when they moved into Scotland?
Many Italians opened barber shops and hairdressers in Scotland.
This meant that Scots liked Italians as they provided useful services for the Scots.
Who did the Italians employ in their businesses?
Many Italians employed their own families in their businesses.
This meant that Italians were seen as less of a negative influence as they were capable of helping each other to establish profitable businesses.
Were many Italians self-employed?
Many Italians were self-employed and ran small businesses.
This meant that Scots saw Italians as less of a threat in the labour market as they rarely competed for the same jobs.
When were Italian cafes open until?
Some Italian cafes and restaurants were open late at night.
This meant that Scots liked that Italians offered a sober alternative to pubs and clubs for young people to socialise.
What language was Italian children encouraged to speak?
Many Italian families encouraged their children to learn English and only spoke Italian in the home.
This meant that Italians were able to mix socially with Scots more easily and form good relationships from a young age.
What were Italians seen as?
Italians were seen as hard-working.
This meant that Scots respected Italians and saw them as contributing to Scotland’s economy.
How did the Scots feel about the Italian cafes staying open until late?
The Scots disliked how late the Italians shops were as they belived that it encouraged drunken behaviour in young people.
This tells us that the Scots weren’t trusting of the way the Italians were running their business as they thought it was creating a bad influence over the young people as having the cafe open till late was encouraging drinking and reckless behaviour at night.
How did the Italians high work ethic affect their relationships with the Scots?
Due to their high work ethic, many Italians simply didn’t have time to socialise with Scots which caused Scots to believe that the Italians didn’t want to get to know them.
This tells us that there was still a divide between the two groups as the Scots didn’t believe that the Italians were wanting to be a part of the community and were just there for work and money, which made the Italians more isolated within Scotland and their community.
Did Italians still speak their original language?
Many Italians spoke good English, but some kept on the traditions of their homeland and continued to speak Italian, in and out of the home.
This tells us that the Scots were cautious of the Italians as they continued to speak in a language that the Scots didn’t understand which made them believe that the Italians weren’t fully accepting of the Scottish culture.
How did Italians staying close together affect their image in the eyes of the Scots?
Many Italians were viewed with suspicion by Scots as they largely kept to themselves and only ever really mixed in their own Italian communities.
This tells us that the Scots didn’t trust the Italians as they weren’t as welcoming as the Scots were to them when they arrived which caused Scots to be wary of the Italians as they didn’t know what the Italians were thinking.
Were Scots fans of the Italian immigrants?
Not all Scots were fans of the Italian immigrants.
This tells us that the Scots weren’t welcoming to the Italians coming into Scotland and weren’t accepting of the interruption to society that the Italians would cause when they arrived and had settled into the cities.
Were Lithuanian immigrants involved in strikes?
Lithuanians became involved in the trade union movement and joined in strikes with Scottish workers.
This meant that the Scots could see how much the Lituanians were appreciative of what they had done for them and would help support them like how the Scots supported them when they first moved to Scotland, which caused Scots to have more respect for them as they wanted equal pay for both Lituanians and Scots.
What happened after Lithuanians stopped working in the mines?
Lithuanians began to set up their own businesses and stopped working in the mines.
This meant that there were more job opportunities available for Scots as new jobs arose with the new business and also the work that the Lithuanians left behind.
Where did Lithuanians learn english?
Lithuanian children went to Scottish schools and learned to speak English.
This meant that they were accepting of Scottish culture and were open to the idea of being a part of their community which caused the Scots to be more welcoming as they could see all the effort the Lithuanians were putting in.
Which Churches looked after the Lithuanian immigrants?
The Catholic Church, like the Holy Family Church in Mossend, looked after Lithuanian immigrants.
This meant that the immigrants were looked after and were offered places in society to express their religion with those who share them the same which helped Scots become more aware of other cultures and traditions from other people.
