Migration

Question 1

Age of migration

Answer 1

Not a new phenomenon

Question 2

Pre-WW1 migration

Answer 2

Mainly for economic reasons, with initial move from Europe to Americas at expense of local population, who died due to disease

Massive exodus from Ireland in the 19th century, with he bulk moving to the USA

Question 3

Change in migration after WW1

Answer 3

Most migration in Europe became forced (ethnic cleansing) - people were expelled from the Balkans, and forced exchanges with Ottomans

Question 4

Armenian genocide

Answer 4

Set a precedent for forced migration

Question 5

Hitler’s elimination conviction

Answer 5

Hitler wanted to get rid of Slavs: in 1942 he planned to kill 30-45 million by disease and starvation
From deep Darwinian conviction

Question 6

Stalin forced migration

Answer 6

Imposed a social revolution - 1.5 million Poles moved from the Polish east
Millions have died in the harsh conditions of deportation

Question 7

Germans after 1945

Answer 7

Germans expelled by allies - Stalin’s expulsions of Poles led to Poland’s expulsion of Germans

Question 8

Promise vs. reality of forced migration

Answer 8

Meant to be ‘orderly and humane’; wasn’t

Question 9

Kosovo situation

Answer 9

Serbians drove out around 1 million Kosovans, with Kosovan Albanians returning fire by ejecting Serbs

Question 10

Forced migration in Central Europe

Answer 10

They constitute an essential part of their history, and in some countries are a major part of all recent migratory movements

Question 11

Current view of forced migration

Answer 11

A destabilising factor rather than a solution

Question 12

Escalation of forced migration

Answer 12

19th century - forced migrants in the thousands and tens of thousands

Balkan conflicts generated hundreds of thousands

WW1 generated millions

Apogee came during WW2 and its aftermath, where tens of millions uprooted

Question 13

Reasons for forced migration

Answer 13

Political map of Europe repeatedly redrawn as Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian or Russian empires withdrew and nation-states emerged

Nationalism followed, leading to a tendency to eliminate the minorities

Totalitarian regimes made the scope of forced migrations far larger and more ruthless

Question 14

Ottoman empire migration

Answer 14

Turkish reprisals for rebellions and mutual hostility between Muslims and Christians generated refugees

Up to 1912, Bulgaria received about 250,000 refugees, whilst Constantinople’s population doubled with Muslim refugees

Question 15

Serbian WW1 migration

Answer 15

March of Serbs to Adriatic coast thought to have killed 200,000

Thousands of Serbs dispatched to camps in Bulgaria and Hungary and used as forced labourers

Question 16

German advance WW1 migration

Answer 16

Advance of German armies in Russia led to mass evacuation (obligatory for Jews and factory/institution employees)

Up to 1916, over 3.15 million refugees registered in non-occupied Russia

Question 17

Interwar exchange

Answer 17

Bulgaria, Turkey and Greece continued their transfer of minorities

Treaties of Neuilly (1919) and Ankara (1925) for voluntary exchange; actually all exerted pressure

Question 18

Proudfoot WW2 calculation

Answer 18

60 million citizens were affected by the wartime migration in Europe

Over 20 million displaced in the aftermath of the war

Question 19

WW2 fleeing from advancing Germans

Answer 19

300,000 fugitives from western and central Poland (2/3 Jews) reached territories that would soon be occupied by the Soviets)

Question 20

Reason for WW2 forced migration

Answer 20

Need to eliminate alien ethnic groups and increase national cohesion in annexed territories

German resettlement in Poland began 1939, with 900k Poles and the majority of the 600k Jewish community uprooted