Migration

Question 1

Define migration

Answer 1

The permanent/semi-permanent movement of people from one place to another: for good

Question 2

What categories do all reasons for migration fit under?

Answer 2

Political, environmental, social, economical. There are usually push and pull factors compelling someone out/in to/of a country

Question 3

What is a push factor?

Answer 3

It’s a negative reason that will push someone (get someone to leave) out of a country. E.g: war

Question 4

What is a pull factor?

Answer 4

They are positives that draw you into a country. It’s attracts you to that place.

Question 5

Define internal/national migration

Answer 5

When people move about within a country. They’ll move permanently. For good. E.g: from birmingham to london

Question 6

Why would young people (students and people of working population) do internal migration?

Answer 6

They may move from periphery or somewhere outside of the core, into a core city. This could be for work (access of high pay, high skill jobs: tertiary and quaternary), for good education options (uni), etc

Question 7

Why is there a rise of population in urban areas?

Answer 7

Internal migration (students, working population). They may choose to stay there for good, if they study there, get a job, they’ll stay permanently. Start a family etc

Question 8

Why may elderly/retired people migrate out of the core?

Answer 8

Retired people (not elderly necessarily) may choose to move out of the core to opt for a quieter life more suited for retirement. They’ll move out of London as they’re most likely living on pensions so will no longer need to work or stay anywhere within a work environment (cities)

Question 9

What is the difference in people who move far from the core, and people who move out of the core, but stay around it?

Answer 9

It’s normally the retired and elderly people who choose to move further away from London, going to north or something. But if you’re rich, you may want to move out of London for example but still remain in the core (Birmingham). This is so you can access london’s benefits

Question 10

List me reasons as to why people may migrate out of London but remain close?

Answer 10

London is overpopulated, dirty, dangerous, crowded, too expensive. If you’re rich, you may make the decision to move out of London but remain in the core. They’ll keep their jobs in London and migrate elsewhere with easy transport links to access London so they can take advantage of london’s benefit. Families as well might do the same, but you don’t want to raise kids in a dirty, bad environment so you may move elsewhere to do so, but keep close to the core of the economy so you have enough money to provide the kids a living

Question 11

What was the first wave of migration into the uk like?

Answer 11

It was from 1940 to 1950 and they came from former colonies of the uk. The uk had fallen apart after the war, and it was in a bad state. People from colonies had the right to move to the uk for free to fill in work/job opportunities. They came to the uk to help reduce shortages of workers. Some also came over as refugees (poles, jews)

Question 12

What was the age of people who migrated to the uk during the first wave and what is chain migration?

Answer 12

Mainly young men and adults without children migrated over here. Chain migration is where men would migrate over, earn money, but a house etc before moving the rest of their family over here as well (because they had the right to settle as they got given uk citizenship)

Question 13

What happened to migration in the 1970s?

Answer 13

Migration flow decreased, migration slowed (economy didn’t do so well). Many migrants moved to cities like birmingham and Bradford

Question 14

What is recession? What is depression? (hint: economical terms)

Answer 14

Recession: short lasting economical crises
Depression: long lasting economical crises

Question 15

When was the second wave of migration into the uk and what was it like?

Answer 15

The second wave of migration into the uk was in the 2000s and it was due to the fact that people in the EU had the right to move into the uk for work. It was the EU accession of free movement of workers and right to work. This was people aged 18-34 from Poland and Latvia mainly and they came for higher skill, higher pay jobs that would man they get a better lifestyle than the one in their home country

Question 16

Why did people migrate over to the uk in the 2000s

Answer 16

EU accession of free movement of workers and right to work.
People ages 18-34 looking for high skill high pay jobs.
People from Latvia and Poland looking for a better lifestyle compared to the one in their home country

Question 17

What jobs did people come to the uk for in the 1940s compared to those in the 2000s? Why were they different?

Answer 17

People in the 1940s came to fill in jobs in transport, services (NHS), steel industries and textiles. Any job that could help get the uk back on track
People in the 2000s are more qualified, and they have a choice in what they can go into. Jobs such as those in tertiary and quaternary sectors (service jobs) were taken as well as some jobs in agriculture. They mainly worked for the money.

Question 18

How do TNCs benefit migration rates?

Answer 18

Transnational cooperations want the bay talent from anywhere on offer. This means globally: they’ll pay for the people’s visa and bring them over here. Many TNCs HQs are located in London as well so many migrants were brought by TNCs to London for work

Question 19

Explain two reasons why there have been high rates of immigration to the uk between 1950 and 2015

Answer 19

They come into the uk for work opportunities, and the promise of a better quality of life (i.e. better education) compared to the ones they had back at home. They also come into the uk due to being refugees running from conflicts in Syria and Afghanistan for example.

Question 20

Why don’t migrants want to move to the rural peripheries?

Answer 20

The jobs in rural offered are mainly seasonal: like tourism, or they are low skill, low pay primary secondary sector jobs. People move to rural mainly for retirement

Question 21

Explain how international migration has altered age and distribution structure of the uk (8)

Answer 21

– migrants who come over are normally of working age (25-65), so uk saw the rise of people in working population (international)
– migrants aren’t young kids or elderly
– more people in urban areas because that’s where you find all the higher qualified, high skill, high pay jobs
– changes ethnic distribution (more diverse uk)
– migrants may make places overpopulated
– internal migration means that people move out of big, overcrowded cities like London and into nice cities in terms of living conditions (rich)
– people move out of rural for work and uni
– people move into rural for retirement
–rise in children ages under ten because migrant women are more likely to have more children (due to tradition) compared to women of the uk.

Question 22

How do birth rates increase in the uk?

Answer 22

More women choose have children earlier due to employment issues (thanks to 2008 recession)
Older women are choosing to have children (they postponed doing so due to pursuit of careers)
Overseas women (migrant women) may give birth to more children compared to women in the uk

Question 23

What is net migration. How does it link to uk’s population?

Answer 23

Net migration (difference between no. Of emigrants and immigrants) meant that lots of people were moving into the uk due to EU memberships (USED to be big drive of migration). Globalisation causes increase of net migration (make countries more interdependent, more interlinked, globally). It revolutionised knowledge economy of the uk. More people went to uk for high skill, high pay jobs

Question 24

What are the four advantages of migration

Answer 24

Fill up jobs no one wants (cleaning etc) because migrants need to earn money in some way
Fill up low skill as well as high skill jobs (international talent) such as nursing
They increase diversity of the uk (festivals, religion, food and clothes)
Many migrants become entrepreneurs and start businesses that open up job opportunities increases trade flow of goods

Question 25

What are disadvantages of migration

Answer 25

Faculties and education put under pressure (NHS, schools)
School children of migrants will fall behind due to language barriers. They’re parents will be unable to help them. May need to hire teaching assistants
Racism and discrimination introduced. Migrants accused of illegal immigration and stealing peoples jobs.

Question 26

How does immigration help deal with the uk’s ageing population problem?

Answer 26

The ageing population problem is that adults on pensions don’t pay tax because they don’t work plus they need care homes which needs funding. Immigration helps cause people moving in are of working age so they work and pay tax that makes up for the ageing population not working and this tax also goes into funding care homes and paying pensions.

Question 27

What was the uk’s point system (migration). Why was it introduced?

Answer 27

There was an overflow of migration and the uk government didn’t like that so they introduced a point system. This was to filter out migrants they don’t want or migrants that aren’t useful. They use this system to get what they want.
Speak English? More points
High skill jobs fill? More qualified? More points
If the uk wants nurses that year, they’ll use the system and any nurses will get more points
If they want plumbers do the same thing.
This is so the uk gets what it wants

Question 28

Define immigration

Answer 28

People moving from one country into another. Specifically INTO

Question 29

Define emigration

Answer 29

People moving out of one country and into another. Specifically the action of moving OUT

Question 30

Define cultural diversity

Answer 30

Quality of diverse/different cultures. Also can refer to diff. cultures am having respect for one another’s differences

Question 31

Define ethnicity

Answer 31

Category of people linked because of a common language, ancestry, social and cultural experiences

Question 32

Explain how high rates of immigration has increased cultural and ethnic diversity

Answer 32

The uk has an open immigration policy, welcoming almost all people from different nationalities. Immigrants who move here from other counties will introduce new foods, festivals, clothing and languages to the uk. Markets which sell food closer to home will be formed and this means more people of that culture will want to move here because it’ll make them feel at home. More people of similar ethnic backgrounds migrate here and this gives the uk an overall higher cultural diversity.

Question 33

Explain reasons why high rates of immigration have increased tensions?

Answer 33

Concerns are being raised that immigrants are stealing peoples jobs, migrating here illegally, and causing housing problems and shortages. Some people aren’t accepting their arrival well, due to prejudice and racism which have only worsened due to political debates. Immigrant children are also subject to racism whilst struggling with education, especially if English is a second language, they would fall behind in classes. Speaking of education, facilities are being put under pressure by increasing population due to migration.