Migration Flashcards
Migration
A movement from one country or region to another
Emigration
out-migration of people from a country, which involves permanent change of residence.
In 2015 how much of the worlds population was living outside their country of orgin
3.3%
Important issues associated with migration
Migration policies
Border control
Migrant safety
Diaspora
The spread of an ethnic or national group from their homeland, e.g. Jews from Israel or Kurds from Kurdistan.
Interdependence
Interrelationships between ACs, EDCs and LIDCs through trade, FDI, foreign aid and migration.
Why are migration figures estimates
Many migrations are undocumented and illegal
So hard to obtain accurate, reliable and comparable statistics
Net Migration
Difference between the number of people moving permanently into an area and out of that area.
Uk net migration 2014
318,000
EU countries with largest net migration gain in 2013
Italy = 1.2 million
Germany = 450,000
EU countries with largest net migration LOSS
Spain = 260,000
Greece = 50,000
Where do majority of Uk immigrants come from
Poland
India
Pakistan
Which countries holds the largest proportion of UK emigrants
Australia
USA
Canada
How many Uk born citizens lived abroad in 2013
5.1 million
Reasons for emigration from Uk
Employment opportunities
Retirement
Joining family overseas
How many foreign born people were living in Uk in 2013
7.8 million
Where are the majority of immigrants found in Uk
London - 36%
Difference between intra regional migration and inter regional migration
Intra = movement within a country
Inter= moving to a different country
Lee migration model
Explains how the flow of migration between host and donor countries isn’t just influenced by push and pull factors but also intervening obstacles
Intervening obstacles
Factors that affect the ease of migration.
- physical features ; oceans, rivers, mountains
- climatic factors
-health
- transport
- cultural factors; language
Intra-regional migrant flows
Migration within a region, such as the EU.
Inter-regional migrant flows
Migration between different regions - often defined as movement across continents.
Example of Intra-Regional Migration
migration between EU Countries
How many immigrants came to Uk from other EU states in 2013
190,000
Migrant Remittances
Money transferred from one country to another, sent home by migrants to their family, friends and community.
Factors influencing intra regional migration within the EU
-Schengen Argument = allows freedom of movement within the EU Across international borders
- more countries joining EU with high proption of working age looking to seek higher wage within EU
- education, retirement, joining family
how is socio-economic status measured?
GDP
LIFE EXPECTANCY
LITERACY RATE
LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT
How does migration influence development
- it can increase stability, economic growth and socio-economic change
- it can cause inequalities in the level of development which can influence direction/scale of global migrant flows
increased socioeconomic inequalities from migration
brain drain, employment gap, demographic change, creates culture of migration
What is development measure by
HDI (human development index)
how is migration linked to social-economic development?
helps the economy, takes up jobs, diverse culture, remittances, inequalities in levels of development can increase migration
How is HDI measured?
Education
GDP per capita
Social/ economic factors for life expectancy
How can migrant remittances contribute to development
Reduce extreme poverty
Find education and healthcare
Help families invest in land, livestock and equipment
How does migrant remittances as a % of GDP differ from advanced countries to LIDCs and EDCs
ACs = high HDI and lower % remittances contributing to GDP
LIDCs = low HDI and high % of remittances contributing to GDP
Why do not all poor countries receive large migrant remittances
- restrictive immigration policies in developed countries
- cost of travel
Significance of migrant remittances
Reduce extreme poverty
Improve human development
Fund education/healthcare
Help families invest in land, livestock and equipment
Can lead to a multiplier effect ( more people from host country have the money to be able to become migrants)
How can global migration benefit a country
Encourages;
Stability
Growth
Development
How is stability, growth and development in country achieved by global migration
Through flows of people, money, ideas and technology
What are social remittances
Social remittances are ideas, values, knowledge, behaviour and skills that migrants bring home with them or that they send home from abroad via technology
These can promote development in home countries,
Importance of technology
Used by international humanitarian organisations to respond to crises through data from many sources to enable crisis mapping
How can global migration promote stability within countries
- young migrants can balance age structure and population growth in ageing population
- peace building and conflict resolutions= returning migrants gained new ideas/ values (e.g equality)
- migrant remittances = economic stability of recipient county
How can global migration promote economic growth within countries
- working migrants can increase GDP/ tax base of host nation
- migrants can contribute to local economies= and stimulate opening of new markets ( food, clothing)
- migrant remittances = many benefits for home country
- migrants can fill skills gaps and shortages in the labour market
How global migration can promote development between countries
- skills/knowledge from returning migrants benefits country of origin
- migrants can create networks between more diaspora associations including professionals, business, social and religious= gain financial resources, values and ideas, wider range of skills
- UN migration and development projects between partner countries are involving families, local communities, public and private sectors to help development
What are diaspora associations
Community of people that are not in country of origin but maintain heritage in new land
Negative of global migration
Causes inequalities
Conflicts
Injustices
How can global migration lead to inequalities, conflicts and injustices
Due to unequal flows of people, money, ideas and technology
How can global migration cause inequalites for people and places
difference where there shouldn’t be, racism, poor labour conditions, lack of rights, men migrate more than women, less opportunities for women
How does global migration lead to conflicts
diff culture/ethnicity trouble integrating creates tensions, pressure on services
How does global migration lead to injustices
vulnerable to violation of human rights, asylum seekers treated poorly, risk of being deported to country of origin to a dangerous situation
Example of a violation of human rights
Human trafficking
Forced labour
Exploitation of women/ children
How are asylum seekers treated poorly
- not allowed to work for duration of application
-some held in detention centres - receive poor financial resources for food etc
social challenges experienced by female migrants
-racism
-trafficking and violence
-segregation
-hostility
-exploitation
age structure of migrants
working age 19-60
economic challenges faced by female migrants
-low skilled
-no work permit
-reliance on others
political challenges faced by female migrants
-no voice
-discrimination
How can increased international migration lead to increased social- economic inequalities
- LIDCs and MIDCs= lack human/ computer skills to downloads maps and satellite imagery
- due to poor socio-economic development and ICT infrastructure
- majority of high skilled migrate to developed countries so poor country has no human skills to develop infrastructure
south south migration
90m
south north migration
85m
north north migration
55m
north south migration
13m
reasons for south south
restrictive barriers to north, fast growing economies in south, opportunities, preventative costs, environmental changes
Top Sources of Refugees
Syria-6.6m
Venezuela-3.7m
Afganistan-2.7m
number of refugees worldwide
26 million
Top Host Countries for Refugees
Turkey-3.6m
Colombia-1.8m
Pakistan-1.4m
Germany-1.1m
reasons for refugee increase
-conflicts
-persecution
-violation of human rights
-forced labour/modern slavery
-natural hazards
Open Door Policy
anyone can come live in country, campaigns abroad to encourage ppl to live in that country
pros and cons of open door policy
p-equal chance to migrate
c-ppl take advantage of system, overpopulation, strain on services
Skills test policy
potential migrants have to pass a skills test, all migrants that enter are skilled and qualified
quotas policy
restricts number of ppl allowed into a country per year
quota policy pros and cons
p-not over run services, allows ppl in
c-discrimination, excludes some (inc most vulnerable)
skills test pros and cons
p-skilled ppl to host country
c-brain drain, non-educated don’t get a chance, increases development gap
examples of policies
Australia- points based system
New Zealand-skilled work visa, 3 year work limit for workers on temporary visa
UK-no immigration control on EU migrants, if from anywhere else, must apply under one of tiers of point based system
