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Geo > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

1
Q

Migration

A

A movement from one country or region to another

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2
Q

Emigration

A

out-migration of people from a country, which involves permanent change of residence.

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3
Q

In 2015 how much of the worlds population was living outside their country of orgin

A

3.3%

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4
Q

Important issues associated with migration

A

Migration policies
Border control
Migrant safety

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5
Q

Diaspora

A

The spread of an ethnic or national group from their homeland, e.g. Jews from Israel or Kurds from Kurdistan.

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6
Q

Interdependence

A

Interrelationships between ACs, EDCs and LIDCs through trade, FDI, foreign aid and migration.

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7
Q

Why are migration figures estimates

A

Many migrations are undocumented and illegal
So hard to obtain accurate, reliable and comparable statistics

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8
Q

Net Migration

A

Difference between the number of people moving permanently into an area and out of that area.

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9
Q

Uk net migration 2014

A

318,000

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10
Q

EU countries with largest net migration gain in 2013

A

Italy = 1.2 million
Germany = 450,000

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11
Q

EU countries with largest net migration LOSS

A

Spain = 260,000
Greece = 50,000

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12
Q

Where do majority of Uk immigrants come from

A

Poland
India
Pakistan

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13
Q

Which countries holds the largest proportion of UK emigrants

A

Australia
USA
Canada

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14
Q

How many Uk born citizens lived abroad in 2013

A

5.1 million

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15
Q

Reasons for emigration from Uk

A

Employment opportunities
Retirement
Joining family overseas

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16
Q

How many foreign born people were living in Uk in 2013

A

7.8 million

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17
Q

Where are the majority of immigrants found in Uk

A

London - 36%

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18
Q

Difference between intra regional migration and inter regional migration

A

Intra = movement within a country
Inter= moving to a different country

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19
Q

Lee migration model

A

Explains how the flow of migration between host and donor countries isn’t just influenced by push and pull factors but also intervening obstacles

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20
Q

Intervening obstacles

A

Factors that affect the ease of migration.
- physical features ; oceans, rivers, mountains
- climatic factors
-health
- transport
- cultural factors; language

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21
Q

Intra-regional migrant flows

A

Migration within a region, such as the EU.

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22
Q

Inter-regional migrant flows

A

Migration between different regions - often defined as movement across continents.

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23
Q

Example of Intra-Regional Migration

A

migration between EU Countries

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24
Q

How many immigrants came to Uk from other EU states in 2013

A

190,000

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25
Q

Migrant Remittances

A

Money transferred from one country to another, sent home by migrants to their family, friends and community.

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26
Q

Factors influencing intra regional migration within the EU

A

-Schengen Argument = allows freedom of movement within the EU Across international borders
- more countries joining EU with high proption of working age looking to seek higher wage within EU
- education, retirement, joining family

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27
Q

how is socio-economic status measured?

A

GDP
LIFE EXPECTANCY
LITERACY RATE
LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT

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28
Q

How does migration influence development

A
  • it can increase stability, economic growth and socio-economic change
  • it can cause inequalities in the level of development which can influence direction/scale of global migrant flows
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29
Q

increased socioeconomic inequalities from migration

A

brain drain, employment gap, demographic change, creates culture of migration

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30
Q

What is development measure by

A

HDI (human development index)

31
Q

how is migration linked to social-economic development?

A

helps the economy, takes up jobs, diverse culture, remittances, inequalities in levels of development can increase migration

32
Q

How is HDI measured?

A

Education
GDP per capita
Social/ economic factors for life expectancy

33
Q

How can migrant remittances contribute to development

A

Reduce extreme poverty
Find education and healthcare
Help families invest in land, livestock and equipment

34
Q

How does migrant remittances as a % of GDP differ from advanced countries to LIDCs and EDCs

A

ACs = high HDI and lower % remittances contributing to GDP
LIDCs = low HDI and high % of remittances contributing to GDP

35
Q

Why do not all poor countries receive large migrant remittances

A
  • restrictive immigration policies in developed countries
  • cost of travel
36
Q

Significance of migrant remittances

A

Reduce extreme poverty
Improve human development
Fund education/healthcare
Help families invest in land, livestock and equipment
Can lead to a multiplier effect ( more people from host country have the money to be able to become migrants)

37
Q

How can global migration benefit a country

A

Encourages;
Stability
Growth
Development

38
Q

How is stability, growth and development in country achieved by global migration

A

Through flows of people, money, ideas and technology

39
Q

What are social remittances

A

Social remittances are ideas, values, knowledge, behaviour and skills that migrants bring home with them or that they send home from abroad via technology
These can promote development in home countries,

40
Q

Importance of technology

A

Used by international humanitarian organisations to respond to crises through data from many sources to enable crisis mapping

41
Q

How can global migration promote stability within countries

A
  • young migrants can balance age structure and population growth in ageing population
  • peace building and conflict resolutions= returning migrants gained new ideas/ values (e.g equality)
  • migrant remittances = economic stability of recipient county
42
Q

How can global migration promote economic growth within countries

A
  • working migrants can increase GDP/ tax base of host nation
  • migrants can contribute to local economies= and stimulate opening of new markets ( food, clothing)
  • migrant remittances = many benefits for home country
  • migrants can fill skills gaps and shortages in the labour market
43
Q

How global migration can promote development between countries

A
  • skills/knowledge from returning migrants benefits country of origin
  • migrants can create networks between more diaspora associations including professionals, business, social and religious= gain financial resources, values and ideas, wider range of skills
  • UN migration and development projects between partner countries are involving families, local communities, public and private sectors to help development
44
Q

What are diaspora associations

A

Community of people that are not in country of origin but maintain heritage in new land

45
Q

Negative of global migration

A

Causes inequalities
Conflicts
Injustices

46
Q

How can global migration lead to inequalities, conflicts and injustices

A

Due to unequal flows of people, money, ideas and technology

47
Q

How can global migration cause inequalites for people and places

A

difference where there shouldn’t be, racism, poor labour conditions, lack of rights, men migrate more than women, less opportunities for women

48
Q

How does global migration lead to conflicts

A

diff culture/ethnicity trouble integrating creates tensions, pressure on services

49
Q

How does global migration lead to injustices

A

vulnerable to violation of human rights, asylum seekers treated poorly, risk of being deported to country of origin to a dangerous situation

50
Q

Example of a violation of human rights

A

Human trafficking
Forced labour
Exploitation of women/ children

51
Q

How are asylum seekers treated poorly

A
  • not allowed to work for duration of application
    -some held in detention centres
  • receive poor financial resources for food etc
52
Q

social challenges experienced by female migrants

A

-racism
-trafficking and violence
-segregation
-hostility
-exploitation

53
Q

age structure of migrants

A

working age 19-60

54
Q

economic challenges faced by female migrants

A

-low skilled
-no work permit
-reliance on others

55
Q

political challenges faced by female migrants

A

-no voice
-discrimination

56
Q

How can increased international migration lead to increased social- economic inequalities

A
  • LIDCs and MIDCs= lack human/ computer skills to downloads maps and satellite imagery
  • due to poor socio-economic development and ICT infrastructure
  • majority of high skilled migrate to developed countries so poor country has no human skills to develop infrastructure
57
Q

south south migration

A

90m

58
Q

south north migration

A

85m

59
Q

north north migration

A

55m

60
Q

north south migration

A

13m

61
Q

reasons for south south

A

restrictive barriers to north, fast growing economies in south, opportunities, preventative costs, environmental changes

62
Q

Top Sources of Refugees

A

Syria-6.6m
Venezuela-3.7m
Afganistan-2.7m

63
Q

number of refugees worldwide

A

26 million

64
Q

Top Host Countries for Refugees

A

Turkey-3.6m
Colombia-1.8m
Pakistan-1.4m
Germany-1.1m

65
Q

reasons for refugee increase

A

-conflicts
-persecution
-violation of human rights
-forced labour/modern slavery
-natural hazards

66
Q

Open Door Policy

A

anyone can come live in country, campaigns abroad to encourage ppl to live in that country

67
Q

pros and cons of open door policy

A

p-equal chance to migrate
c-ppl take advantage of system, overpopulation, strain on services

68
Q

Skills test policy

A

potential migrants have to pass a skills test, all migrants that enter are skilled and qualified

69
Q

quotas policy

A

restricts number of ppl allowed into a country per year

70
Q

quota policy pros and cons

A

p-not over run services, allows ppl in
c-discrimination, excludes some (inc most vulnerable)

71
Q

skills test pros and cons

A

p-skilled ppl to host country
c-brain drain, non-educated don’t get a chance, increases development gap

72
Q

examples of policies

A

Australia- points based system
New Zealand-skilled work visa, 3 year work limit for workers on temporary visa
UK-no immigration control on EU migrants, if from anywhere else, must apply under one of tiers of point based system

73
Q
A

Geo (13 decks)

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