migration

Question 1

what was the UN declaration of human rights about movement and what is not agreed upon?

Answer 1

freedom of movement within a country and the freedom to leave and return to a country. there was no agreement about the freedom to migrate and live in another country

Question 2

what drive voluntary migration?

Answer 2

it is largely driven by the desire of migrants to improve living standards and conditions

Question 3

what drive involuntary migration?

Answer 3

need to escape wars and persuction such as syria, Iraq and ukraine
expulsions
slave trade

Question 4

what was the triangular slave trade?

Answer 4

europe sold textiles, rum and manufactured goods to Africa, Africa sold slaves to the Americas and the Americas sold sugar, tobacco and cotton to europe

Question 5

what type of migration occured in europe in the 18/19th century?

Answer 5

there was voluntary migration from the old world to the new world with people travelling from Europe to the Americas, Australia, new Zealand and south africa

Question 6

was there real wage convergence between the colonies and Europe?

Answer 6

USA, Canada, Argentina and australia ( the western offshoots) are all temperate zone, labour scarce and land abundant economies
europe is land scarce and labour abundant
the outmigration from Europe did partially lead to real wage convergence as real wages increased in all economies however it increased the slowest in the western off shoots

Question 7

what occured to the wages in the new world after immigration?

Answer 7

the supply of labour increased which pushed wages down

Question 8

what occured to the wages of the old world after emigration?

Answer 8

the supply of labour decreased which pushes wages up

Question 9

what are the push factors for migration?

Answer 9

rapid population growth
lack of economic opportunity
information flows
war, persuctution, political instability
famine natural distaster

Question 10

what are the pull factors for migration?

Answer 10

income differentials and employment opportunities
quality of life factors ( better law and order, less crime, better life expectancy)
better welfare support
education opportunities

Question 11

what is the microeconomic theory od migration?

Answer 11

families need a stable income, remittance flows from migrations is important, a diverse portfolio of family employment provides insurance against economic shocks, geographical dispersion of family reduces political risk, pooling of income is a form of insurance and smooths family income and consumption over time

Question 12

how is the output generated by the workforce shown on a labour supply and demand diagram?

Answer 12

as the demand for the labour is equal to the marginal product of labour then the area below the demand curve up until the equilibrium position is the output generated by the workforce

Question 13

how is the wage income shown on the labour supply and demand diagram>

Answer 13

as all labour is given the same wage as they are assumed to all have the same marginal product of labour, the wage income is the square of the wage x current employment

Question 14

what is the effect of migration on the labour market?

Answer 14

the supply of labour increases which leads to an extension along the demand curve. this causes a fall in the wage rate and an increase in employment.
domestic labour will decrease
migrant employment will increase
surplus to all other factors of production will increase

Question 15

what are the dynamic effects of immigration?

Answer 15

if immigrationn raises incomes and profits then new investment will shift the demand curve fro immigrant labour, wages for all labour may then not fall and ll incomes will grow further as will economic growth

Question 16

what are the four policies to minimise the social costs and maximise the social benefits of immigration

Answer 16

1. Immigration should be ordered, legal and quickly administered
2. Migrants should be allowed to work and not be given benefits
3. Migrants need help to assimilate to the local culture (eg. language classes)
4. Migrants should be seen to pay their way

Question 17

what are the economic benefits that migrants bring?

Answer 17

they can help remedy labour shortages
they are on average younger and more dynamic then locals
they help to reduce the dependency ratio and moderate an ageing population
labour market flexibility - they bring a wide range of perspectives, skills, connections and experiences which leads to more ideas and innovations
fiscal impact tends to be more postitive then the local population
real incomes rise

Question 18

who are the losers to immigration?

Answer 18

the losers tend to be those who are employed in low paid jobs and directly competing with new immigrant workers. this group may include some ethnic minorities and a significant share of immigrants already working

Question 19

who are the winners to immigration in the short term?

Answer 19

the immigrants and their employers. consumers may also benefit due to lower prices. the tax payers may also benefit through the lower cost of public services

Question 20

what is immigrations affect on wages according to OEP 2022?

Answer 20

the empiracle evidence suggests that recent migration has had little or no impact on wages overall and that other factors, positive and negative were far more important

Question 21

what are the views post brexit?

Answer 21

the uks new immgration system rebalances on from the laissez faire approach of the europeans while quite strict restrictions to non europeans to a uniform system that has transparent criteria and covers half the UK labour force.
public opinion has been changing with the UK voters becoming both less concerned about immigration and much more positive about its impacts

Question 22

what is the relationship with immigration and productivity?

Answer 22

the migration advisory committee finds that a one percent increase in the share of immigrants within a UK local authority is associated with an almost 3% increase in productivity