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Biochem > Midterms_Review of Microbiology and Biochemistry > Flashcards

Midterms_Review of Microbiology and Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The most abundant biomolecules on earth

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Certain carbohydrates such _____ and _____ are a dietary staple in most parts of the world.

A

Sugar and starch

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3
Q

What are examples of transport proteins?

A

Hemoglobin, serum albumin

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4
Q

Can self replicate, makes up genes (codes for proteins) and an be passed from one genration to another.

A

DNA

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5
Q

Is trypsin enzyme?

A

Yes. Hydrolyzes some peptides

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6
Q

In 1953, _____ and _____ deduced that the DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled into a double helix.

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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7
Q

Zwitterion (German for “_____”)

A

Hybrid Ion

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8
Q

Enzymes that hydrolyzes some peptides

A

Trypsin

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9
Q

Milk protein

A

Casein

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10
Q

A structure component of plant cell walls and most abundant organic compound on earth

A

Cellulose

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11
Q

Proteins for ligaments

A

Elastin

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12
Q

No double bond

A

saturated fatty acid

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13
Q

Functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded for DNA and is made from the DNA template molecule.

A

RNA

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14
Q

Stores genetic information and a double stranded molecule

A

DNA

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15
Q

Hexose sugars are

A

(AGGGAMIT) Allose, Glucose, Galactose, Gullose, Altrose. Mannose, Idose, Tallose

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16
Q

composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate group

A

Phospholipids

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17
Q

It is fibrous, and tough carbohydrates found in stalks, stems, trunks and all the woody portions of the plant body.

A

Cellulose

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18
Q

Amino acid are optically active; they possess more than one asymmetric carbon and occur in two isomeric forms. (True or False)

A

False, atleast one asymmetric carbon

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19
Q

Long term energy storage

A

Lipids

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20
Q

key component in cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

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21
Q

mRNA consist of _______ nucleotide residues

A

75 - 3000

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22
Q

Serving as molecular “tags” to allow recognition of specific cells and molecules.

A

Carbohydrates

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23
Q

_____ of carbohydrates is the central energy-yielding pathway in most nonphotosynthetic cells.

A

Oxidation

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24
Q

Produced by all green plants as energy storage

A

Starch

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25
Q

Cellulose is consists of long chains of glucose molecules joined together by _____ and hydrolyzed by the enzyme, _________

A

B(1-4) glycosidic bonds, cellulase

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26
Q

Monosaccharides are

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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27
Q

What enzyme oxidizes alcohols to aldehydes?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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28
Q

Cellulose molecule is a linear, branched, homopolysaccharide, consisting of 10000 to 15000 D-glucose units. (True or False)

A

False. unbranched

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29
Q

Function as a main structural component of membranes, where they arrange in bilayers

A

Phospholipids

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30
Q

5 Macrominerals

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, salt

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31
Q

______ serve as structural and protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria an plants and in the connective tissues of animals.

A

Insoluble carbohydrates polymers

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32
Q

Reads and implements the genetic information

A

RNA

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33
Q

Protection against water loss

A

Lipids

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34
Q

Disaccharide that has two glucose

A

Maltose, Centiobiose, Cellobiose

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35
Q

Amino acid sequence joined through peptide bonds

A

Primary

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36
Q

Regulates glucose metabolism

A

Insulin

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37
Q

Information biopolymers that contain the cell’s hereditary information

A

Nucleic Acids

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38
Q

Major storage form of glucose in the body

A

glycogen

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39
Q

chemically diverse group of compounds, the common and defining feature of which is their insolubility in water

A

Biological lipids

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40
Q

Pentose sugars

A

Ribose

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41
Q

Manner of extension of polymer chains, due largely to hydrogen bonding between residues not widely separated along chain

A

Secondary

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42
Q

Principal component of the hard exoskeletons of nearly a million species of anthropods

A

Chitin

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43
Q

Class hemoproteins has prosthetic group called __

A

Heme

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44
Q

Storing short term energy

A

Carbohydrate

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45
Q

Esters of fatty acid and glycerol

A

Fats

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46
Q

These compounds are diverse in both chemical structure and biological function

A

Lipid

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47
Q

found in cell’s cytoplasm and translate the genetic code at the ribosome

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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48
Q

Biological compounds which are hydrophobic, insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar solvent such as benzene, ether or chloroform.

A

Lipids

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49
Q

Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

A

Lipids

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50
Q

It can be acid or can be base

A

Zwitterion

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51
Q

Disaccharide that has glucose and galactose

A

Lactose

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52
Q

4-fat soluble vitamins

A

A: Retinoid, D: Calciferol, E:Tocopherol, K:Menadione

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53
Q

Proteins for cell walls and coats

A

Glycoproteins

54
Q

GLN

55
Q

Polysaccharides stored in animals as

56
Q

A linear homopolysaccharide similar to cellulose

57
Q

Organic compounds made of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

58
Q

Examples of oligosaccharides

A

raffinose and stachyose

59
Q

Polymers of glucose and other monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

60
Q

Prosthetic group of glycoproteins

A

carbohydrates

61
Q

Disaccharide that has galactose and fructose

A

Melibiulose

62
Q

ILU

A

Isoleucine

63
Q

Folding, bending of polymer chain, induced by hydrogen, salt and covalent disulfide bonds, as well as hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions.

64
Q

______ consist of short chains of monosaccharide units or residues joined by characteristic linkages called ____

A

Oligosaccharides and glycosidic bonds

65
Q

Enzymes that catalyzes RNA synthesis

A

RNA polymerase

66
Q

It can be acid or can be base

A

Zwitterion

67
Q

Most common fatty acids in myelin

A

Oleic acids

68
Q

functions as biological fuel storage

69
Q

Amino acids are amphoteric or ampholyte molecules since they contain ____ and _____functional group

A

Basic (amino acid) and Acidic (carboxyl group)

70
Q

Triose sugar

A

Glyceraldehyde

71
Q

Second most abundant polysaccharide

72
Q

Examples are glycoproteins, collagen, keratin

A

structural proteins

73
Q

Disaccharide that has glucose and fructose

74
Q

Composed of two polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin

75
Q

Most abundant biomolecule of a cell, about 30% to 70% of the dry weight of the cell.

76
Q

Monosaccharides are written as ______ and the cyclic _____

A

D and L Fischer projections and Haworth structures

77
Q

reads the message of the mRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

78
Q

are sugar polymers containing more than 20 or so monosaccharide units and some have hundred or thousands of units.

A

Polysaccharides

79
Q

protective sheath that covers communicating neurons composed of 30% protein and 70% fat.

80
Q

Egg-white protein

81
Q

PHE

A

Phenylalanine

82
Q

Found in plants as amylose, amylopectin and cellulose

A

Polysaccharides

83
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

Fatty Acids and glycerol

84
Q

TYR

85
Q

Component of blood clotting mechanism

86
Q

Typically contains a large number of acetyl groups

A

Hemicellulose

87
Q

Transport O2 in muscles

88
Q

Short branched ploymers of pentoses (xylose and arabinose) and some hexoses (glucose, galactose, mannose) linked by 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

A

Hemicellulose

89
Q

Prosthetic group of class lipoproteins

90
Q

Lipids are mostly composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids (True or false).

91
Q

Contain 75-90 nucleotide residues

92
Q

providing structural building materials

A

carbohydrates

93
Q

Protection against heat loss

94
Q

Subunits of nucleic acids

A

5 Carbon sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous bases

95
Q

When it dissolves in water, it exists in solution as the dipolar ion

A

Zwitterion

96
Q

Carbohydrates: (CH2O)n, n>/=2 (True or False)

97
Q

Form complexes with foreign molecules

A

Antibodies

98
Q

Protection against water loss

99
Q

Chemical messengers in a form of hormones

100
Q

Major structural elements of biological membranes

A

Phospholipids and sterols

101
Q

Induce virus resistance

A

Interferons

102
Q

Consist of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit

A

Monosaccharide

103
Q

Aka simple sugars

A

Monosaccharide

104
Q

ASP

A

Aspartic Acid

105
Q

Stimulates growth and lactation

A

Bovine growth hormone

106
Q

are those permanently associated chemical components in addition to amino acids.

A

Conjugated proteins

107
Q

Transport lactose across cell membrane

A

Lactose permease

108
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

(HILLMPTTV) - Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

109
Q

Contains 100-3100 nucleotides residues

A

Ribosomal RNA

110
Q

Principal stored forms of energy in many organisms

A

Fats and Oils

111
Q

formed in the nucleus and is complementary to a base sequence from DNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

112
Q

Protection against physical shock

113
Q

Class flavoproteins has prosthetic group called__

A

Flavin nucleotides

114
Q

Th non-amino acid part of a conjugated protein is called

A

prosthetic group

115
Q

Transport O2 in blood

A

Hemoglobin

116
Q

A polyphenolic material of irregular composition. It has no primary structure which makes it resistant to chemical and enzymatic attack.

117
Q

Has similarity with fats, except that phosphoric acid replaces a fatty acid in one end of the glycerol molecule

A

Phosphoglycerides

118
Q

What are the macromolecules?

A

Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

119
Q

Examples are enzymes

A

Catalytic Proteins

120
Q

serve as precursors for building many polymers

A

carbohydrates

121
Q

What are the protective proteins?

A

antibodies, thrombin

122
Q

Fatty acid esters of glycerol

123
Q

They cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide

124
Q

What are the regulatory proteins?

A

hormones (insulin)

125
Q

How different polypeptide chains fit together, structure stabilized by same forces as tertiary structure.

A

Quaternary

126
Q

Seed protein of corn

127
Q

Is polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units

128
Q

Most abundant fatty acid in human milk and in our diet

A

Oleic acid

129
Q

proteins for cartilage and tendons

130
Q

TRP

A

Tryptophan

131
Q

9 water soluble vitamins

A

B1: Thiamine, B2:Riboflavin, B3:Niacine, B5:Pantothenic Acid, B6: Pyrodixone, B9: Folic Acid, B12: Cobalamin, H:Biotin, C:Ascorbic Acid

132
Q

Every ___ has an isoelectric point (pI) which is a specific pH value at which it exhibits no net charge.

A

Amino acid

Biochem (5 decks)

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