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Biochem > Midterms_Cells > Flashcards

Midterms_Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Can be stablished from root tips taken from many plants.

A

Root cultures

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2
Q

complex convoluted membrane system

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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3
Q

mixtures of terpenoids and used as flavors, fragrances and solvents

A

Essential oils

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4
Q

Three (3) Environmental requirements for bacteria

A

Gaseous Environment. pH and Temperature

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5
Q

Common agents used for biochemical processes

A

Microbial Cells (such as bacteria and fungi) & Enzymes (from a bacteria and fungi)

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6
Q

clear, semi fluid materials containing other cell components

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Outer surface of the cell wall is covered with a slimy, gummy coating called

A

capsule

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8
Q

Nutritional Requirements of Animal Cells

A

Carbon source (Glucose), Nitrogen Source (Amino Acids), Vitamins, Hormones, Growth factors, and mineral salts, and mammalian blood serum.

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9
Q

Why cultivate plant cells?

A

for the production of secondary metabolites

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10
Q

[microbial nomenclature] small rods

A

bacillus

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11
Q

Established from embryos removed from sterilize sees, ovules, fruits.

A

Embryo culture

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12
Q

They are free living, and have simpler morphology than molds and exist as single cells with 5 to 80 um length and from 1 to 5 um width.

A

Yeasts

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13
Q

The tissue or outgrowth form the primary explant is mechanically and/or enzymatically dispersed and cultured either later attached to a solid support or a suspended in a culture medium

A

Cell culture

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14
Q

Typically eucaryotic cells, usually bound together by intracellular material to form tissue.

A

Animal Cells

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15
Q

membrane bound organelles responsible for osmotic regulation and waste-product storage

A

Vacuole

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16
Q

What are the nutritional requirements for bacteria?

A

Energy source, carbon source, nitrogen source, P and S source, metallic elements and Vitamins

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17
Q

Growth of protoplasts in solid or liquid medium; applied to micropropagation of plant: after protoplast divisions

A

Protoplast cells culture

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18
Q

acts as selective barrier between the cell interior and external environment.

A

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

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19
Q

Organized plant parts are transferred to culture medium where growth continues with the structure preserved.

A

Organized Growth

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20
Q

Examples of unorganized growth

A

Callus culture, plant cell suspension culture, protoplast culture

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21
Q

Cells which survive and multiply when a piece of animal tissue after disruption is placed in an appropriate nutrient liquid.

A

Primary Cell Lines

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22
Q

Crystalline, physiologically active nitrogen-containing compounds extracted from acidic solutions and used in pharmaceutical industry.

A

Alkaloids

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23
Q

Bacteria in microbial insecticide

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

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24
Q

The three-dimensional shape and biochemical differentiation of the tissue is retained, in part, by culturing at the liquid-gas interface (on a raft, grid or gel)

A

Organ Culture

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25
Q

Examples of organized growth

A

Root cultures, embryo cultures

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26
Q

Yeasts in the production of single cell proteins

A

Candida utilis

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27
Q

Organisms which obtain the energy for their activities and self-synthesis from the chemical reaction that can occur in the dark.

A

Chemotrophs

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28
Q

Molds in production of cephalosporin

A

Cephalosporium acremonium

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29
Q

responsible for secretion of proteins and site for glycosylation in some biomolecules.

A

Golgi bodies

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30
Q

Membrane bound particles that contain and release digestive enzymes

A

Lysosome

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31
Q

Initiating Cell Cultivation (3) includes:

A

Organ culture, primary explant culture and cell culture.

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32
Q

Cell or cell aggregate, growing dispersed in liquid medium

A

Suspension cell culture

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33
Q

survive temp bet. 40 to 75 C

A

thermophilic

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34
Q

Organisms that can thrive on an entirely inorganic diet using CO2 or carbonates as the sole source of carbon.

A

Autotrophs

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35
Q

survive only in a non-oxygen environment

A

anaerobic

36
Q

survive both in the presence or absence of oxygen

A

facultative

37
Q

Yeast in the production of ethanol

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

38
Q

Tissues lacks any recognizable structures of the original intact plant; occurs frequently when whole pieces of plants are cultivates in vitro

A

Unorganized growth

39
Q

Dormant form of the cell, capable of resisting heat, radiation and poisonous chemicals. It is a form of survival mechanism of some bacteria when conditions are not conducive for growth.

A

Spores

40
Q

Relatively small microorganism usually enclosed by rigid walls.

A

Bacteria

41
Q

Organisms which are capable of employing radiant energy.

A

Phototrophs

42
Q
A

True

43
Q

Microbial cells small in size (0.5- 3 um)
Simple structure
No defined nuclear membrane
Easier to replicate

A

Procaryotic

44
Q

survive temp bet 7 to 45 C

A

mesophilic

45
Q

Organisms which require one or more organic substances such as glucose

A

Heterotrophs

46
Q

Cells which survive and multiply when a piece of animal tissue after disruption is placed in an appropriate nutrient liquid.

A

Primary Cell Lines

47
Q
A

True

48
Q

survive only in presence of oxygen

A

aerobic

49
Q

spherical or avoid shaped rod shaped

A

cocci bacilli

50
Q

Bacteria in exopolysaccharides (SPECIFIC PRODUCT: Xanthan Gum)

A

Xanthomonas campestris

51
Q
A

False. Plant cells

52
Q

protects the integrity of cell from its external surroundings

A

Cell Wall

53
Q

Long, thin, “wavy” tubular structures that arise within the membrane and pass through cell wall

A

Flagella

54
Q

similar to flagella except they are short and generally appear straight

A

Pili/Fimbrae

55
Q

True or false:
All algaes are eucaryotes

A

False. Blue-Green Algae is procaryotes

56
Q

This type of culture lacks structural organization

A

Cell Culture

57
Q

[microbial nomenclature] small milk rods

A

Lactobacillus

58
Q

Bacteria in enzymes (SPECIFIC PRODUCT: Proteases)

A

Bacillus subtilis and bacillus amyloliquifaciens

59
Q

What is the growth rate of animal cells?

A

Days to weeks

60
Q

The first generation cells that survive after culturing the primary cell lines into a fresh medium.

A

Secondary cell Lines

61
Q

Can remain alive for many years and can germinate back into normal cells when conditions are growth favorable

A

spores

62
Q

contains chromosomes (DNA molecules) enclosed in a membrane and complexed by proteins to form the chromosomes

A

Nucleus

63
Q

They are known spore formers

A

Bacillus sp. and Clostridium sp.

64
Q

Amorphous cell aggregates, arising from explants on an aseptic solid nutrient medium.

A

Callus culture

65
Q

survive temperatures between -7 to 35 C

A

psychrophilic

66
Q

Powerhouse of eukaryotic cells which utilize oxygen during metabolism

A

Mitochondria

67
Q

A fragment of tissue is place at a solid-liquid interface, where after attachment, cells grow.

A

Primary Explant culture

68
Q

contains genetic information of the cell and which is not complexed with proteins to form a chromosome

A

nuclear region

69
Q

Include phenolics, tannins and flavonoids, saponins utilized as dyes, food flavor and pharmaceuticals

A

Glycosides

70
Q

Embedded in the rough ER

A

Ribosomes

71
Q

sugar addition

A

Glycosylation

72
Q

Usually categorized as whole-cell mediated process or enzyme catalyzed reaction.

A

Biotechnological Reactions

73
Q

Biological agents that have limited applicability

A

Plant Cells (production of secondary metabolites) and Animal Cells (production of injectable polio vaccine)

74
Q

Yeasts are reproduce by ___ or fission

A

budding

75
Q

Bacteria in antibiotics (SPECIFIC PRODUCT: Gramicidin)

A

Bacillus brevis

76
Q

Have simpler and faster metabolism

A

Microbial Cells

77
Q

Long thin filaments in molds are called ____ and the highly branched structure is called _____

A

hyphae, mycelium

78
Q

survives in minute amounts of oxygen

A

microaerophilic

79
Q

structure inside the nucleus which stains differently and the site of ribosome synthesis

A

Nucleolus

80
Q

Molds in production of penicillin

A

Penicillum chrysogenum

81
Q
A

False. High value and low market volume

82
Q

Bacteria in industrial chemicals (SPECIFIC PRODUCTS: Acetone, butanol)

A

Clostridium acetobutylicum

83
Q

spiral or helical shaped

A

spirilla

84
Q

Grainy spots in cytoplasm containing RNA molecules and site for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

85
Q

Secondary cells which survive and grow after successive “passages”

A

Stable/Established/Permanent Cell Line

86
Q

Filamentuos fungi

A

molds

Biochem (5 decks)

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