Midterms Review Flashcards
Scientific Revolution
During the renaissance, ideas from the greeks/romans/asian societies were brought over to a very religion based europe. Instead of just going with what they were taught people wanted to learn and explore (natural philosophers). They discovered natural laws and this was the beginning of modern science.
Heliocentric model
A not so accepted model of our solar system that contrasted the socially accepted geocentric model since the sun was the center; it was created by Nicholas Copernicus and solved many of the problems of the geocentric model.
Enlightenment
A time in which the ideas of society changed to be more flexible and able to be expanded on, such as in the scientific revolution. People began to question what was around them in both logical and philosophical ways
Social contract
Ideas of Thomas Hobbes, who said that the government and the people in a nation form a social contract; the people give up some of their freedom so they can live in a safe and orderly way. For this to occur, the government needs to tend to the needs of the people and be strong.
Montesquieu
Philosopher: separation of powers (judicial, executive, legislative)
Scientific method
Developed during the enlightenment when people were starting to focus on science more. Similar to the one we use today (ex. start with a hypothesis then experiment etc)
Galileo
Dude who promoted Copernicus’ theory of the heliocentric model, but the church did not like this (they like the geocentric model). They forced him to say he was wrong, but his ideas would eventually gain the high ground during scientific Rev.
Enlightened Despot
Rulers that were influenced by the enlightenment, and many held themselves to the social contract as described by Hobbes. Their working with the people made them much more powerful. The Old Regime in France was not an example of this.
Newton
Rousseau
Philosopher: human freedom and equality for all
Geocentric model
The socially accepted early model of the solar system; based off of the idea that the sun and planets revolved around the earth
Locke
Philosopher: natural rights (life, liberty, property) for everyone. Believed that if citizens didn’t like the government they should be able to change it, and his ideas were fundamental in the declaration of independence etc.
Voltaire
Believed in freedom of thought and expression; was very supportive of the declaration of rights of man. This included religious freedom, which he also fought for.
Old Regime
social structure of pre-revolutionary France in which the nobility had all of the power and the peasants did all the work (king had absolute power and the last king to have this was Louis XIV)
Estate General
a meeting between representatives for all three estates. However, they were always biased because the 1st/2nd estate would always be able to outvote the 3rd, despite them having more people. Was held for the first time in 175 yrs to approve a new tax by Louis XIV
Jacobins
A group of radical revolutionaries, also called the Jacobins club
Marie Antoinette
Austrian princess married to Louis XVI, hated by the French people (she spent lots of money), beheaded during the Reign of Terror
Tennis Court Oath
when the third estate found themselves locked out of the estates-general meeting, they broke into a nearby tennis court and pledged to stay there until a new constitution was written, which it was.
Reign of Terror
The very radical era of the French Rev. Led by Maximilien Robespierre & the Committee of Public Safety, thousands were executed during this time and free speech was limited if there was any to begin with.
Guillotine
A blade that falls onto the victims head from a board and slices it off. Used a lot in the French revolution, specifically during the reign of terror. Thousands of people were executed like this.
Moderate
Someone who may want certain reforms, but is happy with others. Also know as centrists, are a middle ground as opposed to the radicals etc.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Like a constitution; was accepted by the National Assembly during the moderate phase of the French Revolution. Focused on basic human rights that each person should have
First estate/Second estate/Third estate
- clergy: 1%
- Nobility: 2%
- Regular people, who were the rest of the population, were the poorest, paid the most taxes and owned very little land.
liberty equality fraternity
The slogan of the French revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
important leader during the reign of terror, oversaw the beheading of the royals and helped radicalize the revolution (Jacobins). Ran the committee of public safety until he was beheaded himself.
Storming of Bastille
Bastille was a huge prison that many of the third estate were said to be trapped inside. It incited fear in many peasants, and thus revolutionaries decided to strike fear in the other estates by storming the bastille and taking it over and getting many guns. It was a turning point in the rev. because people actually did something instead of just talking about it.
Louis XVI
last king of France, was not very good at his job and was eventually beheaded during the radical part of the revolution.
bourgeoisie
The middle class
Radical
People who are extremely opposed to the current government and want complete change. Could also be used to describe extreme liking of government, but not as often
Napoleon Bonaparte
Was in the military, and became popular because he won a lot of battles for France (& spread that fact using propaganda). Eventually, he staged a coup d’état against the current leaders and became Emperor. Leader of France/dictator after the directory, put in place a lot of good laws such as Napoleonic code and tried to take over Europe, but failed. Was banished at the end but made a lot of changes and caused the congress of Vienna.
Napoleonic Wars
The Battles and Wars that Napoleon started because he wanted to take over all of Europe. France gained a lot of territory, but a lot of enemies as well.
Battle of Waterloo
The last battle in the Napoleonic Wars, which devastated Napoleon’s side (Britain and Prussia teamed up against France). He had to abdicate the throne, and was exiled to an island
coup d’etat
a sudden seizure of political power in a nation, like a short & powerful revolution.
Invasion of Russia
Code Napoleon
One standard code of law that affected everyone, made by Napoleon and based on the principle that everyone is equal under the law. Advancement in society was based on hard work not social class and religious freedom was also a big part.
scorched earth policy
“If I can’t have it you can’t either” When Napoleon invaded Russia, he took Moscow and decided to stay there for the winter. however, the Russians had burned Moscow to the ground before they were defeated so that they French couldn’t use it. (Scorched Earth Policy). They burned houses, crops, and especially killed all the animals that the enemy could use as food. Thus, the French had to retreat & the Russians killed many of them on their way out.
creoles
Europeans born in Latin America, who were second only to peninsulares in social class.
mulattos
Mixed Europeans/Africans, who had fewer rights than the Europeans but more than the Africans.
the Haitian Revolution
The first Latin American territory to claim independence. Since the African slaves who lived there greatly outnumbered the French who controlled them, and the French Revolution both inspired them and distracted France from their colonies, they were able to win. Additionally, they also inspired many other colonies to do what they did.
Jose de San Martin
A creole general who, like Bolivar, had a lot to do with the Latin American wars and played a huge part in their independence (from Argentina)
peninsulares
Europeans born in Europe, who then came over to manage the Latin American colonies. Highest on the social ladder.
mestizos
Mixed Europeans/Native Americans, who had fewer rights than the Europeans but more than Native Americans.
Simon Bolivar
A Creole from Venezuela who didn’t like the king of Spain ruling them, so he joined a resistance movement. He went to Britain on a Diplomatic mission, then returned to Venezuela to form the Venezuelan Second Republic (and called El libertador or the liberator), but after Civil War broke out he fled. He came back after a while, involved himself in multiple battles, and created Gran Colombia which was a federation of multiple countries. However, the government was fragile but all countries were able to escape the control of Europe.
Miguel Hidalgo and the Mexican Revolution
Miguel Hidalgo was a radical Creole Priest, who led the failed Mexican Revolution in 1810. His revolution attacked anyone with wealth or privilege, so the other creoles joined the royalists who then defeated the rebellion (Hidalgo was executed). In 1821, the Mexican Revolution finally succeeded and Creole soldiers staged a coup d’état to do this. A king was put into power, but he was removed shortly after.
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
factors of production
land , labor , capital, and sometimes entrepreneurship. England, for example, had all of these, thus they were some of the first to industrialize & played a major part in other places doing the same.
middle class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
laissez-faire
The government should not control the economy, “free market”
cottage industry
A business in which everything is done within a person’s home or locally. Basically small businesses, and many were quickly run out of business by factories and corporations.
mass production
Making many copies of one thing in a factory assembly line; each item is the exact same, but the assembly lines and machines were so efficient lots of product could be created and then sold for much cheaper.
dictatorship of the proletariat
The plan was that after overthrowing the bourgeoisie, the workers (or proletariat) would jointly share the means of productions and split the wealth evenly (communism)
enclosure movement
Previously, peasants would share land in the open field system. During the IR, fields were fenced off and planted with crops that could be sold for large profits. This meant that peasant farmers had less access to land.
factory
A place where a business manufactures products at a grand scale, often in mass production. With these starting to pop up in cities and having a promising stable wage, many workers wanted a job here which affected urbanization and the economy.
urbanization
the growth of cities and the migration of people into them; many came from rural farms
assembly line
A factory strategy where workers would all stand around a conveyor belt, and each do a separate part of creating whatever product they had to create. They were each doing the same task over and over again, and were treated like machines.
interchangeable parts
The IR, assembly lines, factories, and mass production all benefitted from interchangeable parts in machines and products. This meant that while the factories could make more product and money, skilled craftsmen were much less able to make a living since the exactness of factories was not something they could keep up with.
