MIDTERMS Q & A

Question 1

Which bone cell type is responsible for bone
resorption?

Answer 1

Osteoclast

Question 2

What is the primary function of the periosteum?

Answer 2

Providing a route for blood vessels and nerves

Question 3

Where does the epiphyseal plate reside, and
what is its primary function in children?

Answer 3

Metaphysis; growth of long bones

Question 4

The dens or odontoid process is a characteristic feature of which vertebra?

Answer 4

Axis (C2)

Question 5

Which of the following is not part of the axial
skeleton?

Answer 5

Clavicle

Question 6

Which statement about the bone matrix is true?
A. It consists mainly of adipose tissue
B. It is primarily made up of collagen fibers and
mineral salts
C. It forms the central canal of osteons
D. It is responsible for bone resorption

Answer 6

B. It is primarily made up of collagen fibers and mineral salts

Question 7

What type of bone is the patella classified as?

Answer 7

Sesamoid bone

Question 8

Which bone structure allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves?

Answer 8

Foramen

Question 9

What distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?

Answer 9

Compact bone forms the outer layer, and spongy bone forms the inner layer

Question 10

A fracture at the epiphyseal plate in children can lead to which of the following consequences?

Answer 10

Shortened bone length due to disruption in bone growth

Question 11

Which of the following represents the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation?

Answer 11

Residual volume

Question 12

Which factor increases oxygen unloading from
hemoglobin to tissues during internal respiration?

Answer 12

High levels of carbon dioxide and low pH in
tissues

Question 13

Why is the pressure in the pleural cavity
normally negative relative to atmospheric pressure?

Answer 13

To keep the lungs expanded and prevent collapse

Question 14

Which respiratory volume is utilized to calculate vital capacity, and why is it significant?

Answer 14

Tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory reserve volume; it represents the maximum amount of exchangeable air

Question 15

What would happen to a patient who lacks the ability to produce surfactant?

Answer 15

Surface tension would increase, causing alveolar collapse and reduced gas exchange

Question 16

Which of the following factors is most likely to
increase respiratory rate?

Answer 16

Decreased oxygen concentration in the blood

Question 17

What condition arises from the rupture of
alveoli, leading to a permanent enlargement of air spaces and loss of elastic recoil?

Answer 17

Emphysema

Question 18

Why are the true vocal cords referred to as the
primary source of sound production?

Answer 18

They vibrate when air passes through them,
generating sound

Question 19

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating the basic rhythm of breathing?

Answer 19

Medulla oblongata

Question 20

How does the respiratory system respond to a
decrease in blood pH caused by increased CO2 levels?

Answer 20

It increases respiratory rate to remove excess CO2

Question 21

The primary function of the paranasal sinuses
is to

Answer 21

Lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance

Question 22

What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

Answer 22

To delay the electrical impulse, ensuring the
atria contract before the ventricles

Question 23

Which structure transmits the electrical impulse to the ventricular walls, leading to ventricular contraction?

Answer 23

Purkinje fibers

Question 24

What causes the first heart sound, “lub,” heard
during auscultation?

Answer 24

Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 25

What event causes the second heart sound,
“dup”?

Answer 25

Closing of the semilunar valves

Question 26

What is the formula used to calculate cardiac
output?

Answer 26

CO = HR x SV

Question 27

Which condition is defined as the failure of the
heart’s myocardium to contract effectively?

Answer 27

Asystole

Question 28

Which of the following is true about the
stomach?

Answer 28

It connects the esophagus to the duodenum

Question 29

What is the role of the ileocecal valve in the
digestive system?

Answer 29

It controls the movement of food from the small intestine to the large intestine

Question 30

Which part of the digestive system is
responsible for the formation and expulsion of
feces?

Answer 30

Large intestine

Question 31

The pancreas secretes enzymes that help
digest proteins carbohydrates, and lipids, but not

Answer 31

Fiber

Question 32

Which structure prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

Answer 32

Epiglottis

Question 33

Which region of the small intestine is the
longest?

Answer 33

Ileum

Question 34

What is the primary role of bile in digestion?

Answer 34

Emulsifying fats

Question 35

Which phase of deglutition (swallowing)
involves the movement of food from the mouth to the pharynx?

Answer 35

Buccal phase

Question 36

The stomach secretes which enzyme to aid in
protein digestion?

Answer 36

Pepsin

Question 37

Which part of the large intestine is responsible
for reabsorbing water and electrolytes?

Answer 37

Ascending colon

Question 38

What is the purpose of the salivary glands in
digestion?

Answer 38

To initiate the chemical breakdown of starches

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT considered an
accessory digestive organ?

Answer 39

Esophagus

Question 40

What is the primary function of the small
intestine?

Answer 40

Digestion and absorption of nutrients