MIDTERMS Q & A Flashcards
Which bone cell type is responsible for bone
resorption?
Osteoclast
What is the primary function of the periosteum?
Providing a route for blood vessels and nerves
Where does the epiphyseal plate reside, and
what is its primary function in children?
Metaphysis; growth of long bones
The dens or odontoid process is a characteristic feature of which vertebra?
Axis (C2)
Which of the following is not part of the axial
skeleton?
Clavicle
Which statement about the bone matrix is true?
A. It consists mainly of adipose tissue
B. It is primarily made up of collagen fibers and
mineral salts
C. It forms the central canal of osteons
D. It is responsible for bone resorption
B. It is primarily made up of collagen fibers and mineral salts
What type of bone is the patella classified as?
Sesamoid bone
Which bone structure allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves?
Foramen
What distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?
Compact bone forms the outer layer, and spongy bone forms the inner layer
A fracture at the epiphyseal plate in children can lead to which of the following consequences?
Shortened bone length due to disruption in bone growth
Which of the following represents the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation?
Residual volume
Which factor increases oxygen unloading from
hemoglobin to tissues during internal respiration?
High levels of carbon dioxide and low pH in
tissues
Why is the pressure in the pleural cavity
normally negative relative to atmospheric pressure?
To keep the lungs expanded and prevent collapse
Which respiratory volume is utilized to calculate vital capacity, and why is it significant?
Tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory reserve volume; it represents the maximum amount of exchangeable air
What would happen to a patient who lacks the ability to produce surfactant?
Surface tension would increase, causing alveolar collapse and reduced gas exchange
Which of the following factors is most likely to
increase respiratory rate?
Decreased oxygen concentration in the blood
What condition arises from the rupture of
alveoli, leading to a permanent enlargement of air spaces and loss of elastic recoil?
Emphysema
Why are the true vocal cords referred to as the
primary source of sound production?
They vibrate when air passes through them,
generating sound
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating the basic rhythm of breathing?
Medulla oblongata
How does the respiratory system respond to a
decrease in blood pH caused by increased CO2 levels?
It increases respiratory rate to remove excess CO2
The primary function of the paranasal sinuses
is to
Lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance
What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?
To delay the electrical impulse, ensuring the
atria contract before the ventricles
Which structure transmits the electrical impulse to the ventricular walls, leading to ventricular contraction?
Purkinje fibers
What causes the first heart sound, “lub,” heard
during auscultation?
Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves
What event causes the second heart sound,
“dup”?
Closing of the semilunar valves
What is the formula used to calculate cardiac
output?
CO = HR x SV
Which condition is defined as the failure of the
heart’s myocardium to contract effectively?
Asystole
Which of the following is true about the
stomach?
It connects the esophagus to the duodenum
What is the role of the ileocecal valve in the
digestive system?
It controls the movement of food from the small intestine to the large intestine
Which part of the digestive system is
responsible for the formation and expulsion of
feces?
Large intestine
The pancreas secretes enzymes that help
digest proteins carbohydrates, and lipids, but not
Fiber
Which structure prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?
Epiglottis
Which region of the small intestine is the
longest?
Ileum
What is the primary role of bile in digestion?
Emulsifying fats
Which phase of deglutition (swallowing)
involves the movement of food from the mouth to the pharynx?
Buccal phase
The stomach secretes which enzyme to aid in
protein digestion?
Pepsin
Which part of the large intestine is responsible
for reabsorbing water and electrolytes?
Ascending colon
What is the purpose of the salivary glands in
digestion?
To initiate the chemical breakdown of starches
Which of the following is NOT considered an
accessory digestive organ?
Esophagus
What is the primary function of the small
intestine?
Digestion and absorption of nutrients
