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MC 1 LEC > FINALS HUHU (ENDOCRINE & NERVOUS SYSTEM)) > Flashcards

FINALS HUHU (ENDOCRINE & NERVOUS SYSTEM)) Flashcards

1
Q

Which gland produces melatonin?

A

Pineal Gland

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1
Q

A network of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate various functions in the body.

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Regulates sleep-wake cycles and seasonal biological rhythms

A

Melatonin

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3
Q

Which gland produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

a type of peptide hormone that regulates the synthesis or release of other hormones

A

Releasing Hormones

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5
Q

A hormone that inhibits (restrains) the release of other hormones

A

Inhibiting Hormones

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6
Q

Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and metabolism

A

Growth Hormone

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7
Q

Which segment of the pituitary glands produce the following: growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, LH

A

Anterior Pituitary

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8
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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9
Q

Regulates water balance by reducing urine production

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)

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10
Q

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding

A

Oxytocin

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11
Q

What serves as the brain’s control center for the pituitary, regulating its hormone release and ensuring the proper function of the body’s hormonal system

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Known as the “master endocrine gland” due to its control over many other endocrine glands

A

Anterior Pituitary

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13
Q

Does not produce hormones but stores hormones made by hypothalamic neurons

A

Posterior Pituitary

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14
Q

Removal or destruction of the anterior pituitary leads to _____ of the adrenal glands, thyroid glands, and gonads.

A

atrophy

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15
Q

Which gland produces Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin?

A

Thyroid Gland

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16
Q

Regulate metabolism, energy production, and oxygen consumption

A

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)

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17
Q

Lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium storage in bones

A

Calcitonin

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18
Q

Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and calcium absorption in the gut.

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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19
Q

Which gland produces Parathyroid Hormone?

A

Parathyroid Glands

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20
Q

Which segment of the adrenal glands produce the following: Cortisol, aldosterone, androgen

A

Adrenal Cortex

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21
Q

Which segment of the adrenal glands produce adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Adrenal Medulla

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22
Q

Regulates stress responses, metabolism, and immune function

A

Cortisol

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23
Q

Maintains blood pressure by regulating sodium and potassium levels

A

Aldosterone

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24
Q

Contribute to sexual developmentt and reproduction

A

Androgen

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25
Q

Trigger “fight of flight” responses

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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26
Q

What hormones does the pancreas release?

A

Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin

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27
Q

Lowers blood glucose levels by promoting its storage or use

A

Insulin

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28
Q

Raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown

A

Glucagon

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29
Q

Regulates the balance between insulin and glucagon

A

Somatostatin

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30
Q

Reproductive Organs under gonads

A

Ovaries and Testes

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31
Q

Regulates menstrual cycle, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and reproduction

A

Estrogen

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32
Q

Prepares the uterus for pregnancy and supports early pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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33
Q

Regulates sperm production and secondary male sexual characteristics

A

Testosterone

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34
Q

They are generally water-soluble and cannot easily cross the plasma membrane of target cells. Instead, they bind to specific receptors located on the cell’s surface. This includes proteins, peptides, and amines.

A

Amino-acid-based hormones

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35
Q

These are lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol. They can easily pass through the plasma membrane and bind to receptors either in the cytoplasm of the nucleus of target cells.

A

Steroid Hormones

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36
Q

lipid compounds that regulate inflammation, pain, and blood flow. They are produced in tissues and play key roles in various bodily functions

A

Prostaglandin

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37
Q

Only cells with the appropriate receptors can respond to a particular hormone. This ensures taht hormones have specific effects on certain tissues.

A

Target Specificity

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38
Q

When a hormone binds to its receptor, it causes a conformational change in the receptor, activating it and initiating a cellular response.

A

Activation of Receptors

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39
Q

When hormones like steroids and thyroid hormones enter cells, bind to receptors, and activate specific genes to produce proteins.

A

Direct gene activation

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40
Q

This is used by water-soluble hormones that bind to cell surface receptors. This triggers the production of molecules like cAMP or calcium (second messengers) inside the cell, which amplify the signal and activate proteins to create a rapid response.

A

Second Messenger System

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41
Q

Feedback loops when level of hormone rises, it inhibits further secretion of the hormone, helping to maintain balance within a narrow range.

A

Feedback mechanisms

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42
Q

Hormones coordinate various physiological processes

A

Integration of Body Functions

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43
Q

The endocrine system can respond to carious internal and external stimuli to adjust hormone levels accordingly.

A

Response to stimuli

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44
Q

Three types of stimuli for control of hormone release

A

Hormonal Stimulus, Humoral Stimulus, Neural Stimulus

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45
Q

Most common stimulus
One hormone triggers the release of another hormone

A

Hormonal Stimulus

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46
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrient to stimulate hormone release

A

Humoral Stimulus

47
Q

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
Allows for quick responses to immediate demands

A

Neural Stimulus

48
Q

The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to balance blood levels.

A

Blood Sugar Regulation

49
Q

a change in the environment, such as glucose levels, is detected by a receptor

A

Stimulus

50
Q

The receptor sends information to the brain, which relays signals to an effector organ

A

Control Center

51
Q

makes adjustments to move the value back toward the set point

A

Effector organ

52
Q

“fight or flight” response, is an immediate reaction to perceived threats or challenges.

A

Short-term stress response

53
Q

importance of short-term stress response

A
  1. immediate energy boost
  2. enhanced immune functions
  3. cognitive function
54
Q

occurs when stressors persist over time. This response is characterized by sustained release of cortisol and other hormones., which can have significant effects on bodily functions.

A

Long-term stress response

55
Q

Effects of Long-term stress response

A
  1. hormonal regulation
  2. impact on non-essential functions
  3. health risks
56
Q

Coordinates all body functions, enabling a person to adapt to changes to changes in internal and external environment

A

Nervous System

57
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have?

A

12 cranial nerves

58
Q

connects through the brain (foramen magnum); encircled by bones of the vertebrae column (100M neurons)

A

Spinal cord

59
Q

nerves that emerge from the spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

60
Q

small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord. Associated with cranial and spinal nerves

A

Ganglia

61
Q

walls of organs of the gastrointestinal tract; extensive networks of neurons

A

Enteric plexuses

62
Q

specialized cells that monitor changes in the internal or external environment

A

Sensory receptors

63
Q

detect internal stimuli (blood acidity) and external stimuli (feeling of warmth)

A

Sensory receptors

64
Q

processing of sensory information by analyzing and storing some of it to determine the proper course of action

A

integrative function

65
Q

elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors (glands, muscles) through cranial and spinal nerves

A

motor function

66
Q

Subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
67
Q

Supporting cells

A

Neuroglia

68
Q

6 types of Neuroglia

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
Schwann
Satellite

69
Q

Star-shaped cells have many processes and are the largest and most numerous of the neuroglia

A

Astrocytes

70
Q

Forms and maintain the myelin sheath (lipid and protein covering around some axons)

A

Oligodendrocytes

71
Q

phagocytes

A

Microglia

72
Q

Possibly monitor, and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal

73
Q

Just like oligo w/c myelinates the axons; but can only myelinate a single axon

A

Schwann

74
Q

Regulate the exchanges of materials between neuronal cell bodies and intestinal fluid

A

Satellite

75
Q

3 primary brain vesicles of the central nervous system

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

76
Q

Transports CSF to the cranial cavity

A

Ventricles

77
Q

Most superior part of the brain, holds 83% of brain mass

A

Cerebral Hemisphere/Cerebrum

78
Q

4 divisions of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital

79
Q

Personality
Judgement
Expression
Language expression
Motor movement

A

Frontal;

80
Q

Hearing
Language
Comprehension
Storage and recall of memories
Limbic system is located

A

Temporal

81
Q

Reception and interpretation of sensation

A

Parietal

82
Q

Interpret visual stimuli

A

Occipital

83
Q

Segments of the Diencephalon

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Epithalamus
84
Q

Controls

A

Hypothalamus

85
Q

2nd largest brain region.
Maintain muscle tone, coordinate muscle movement, posture and control balance/ equilibrium

A

Cerebellum

86
Q

What parts form the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

87
Q

Located between the diencephalon and pons; moves the eye and functions for visual processing

A

MIdbrain

88
Q

Connects the cerebellum with the cerebrum

A

Pons

89
Q

The most inferior portion of the brainstem
Serves as the center for autonomic reflexes to maintain homeostasis, regulating respiratory and cardiac functions

A

Medulla oblongata

90
Q

Protects the CNS; found on the external surface. Protect blood vessels

A

Meninges

91
Q

3 types of meninges

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

92
Q

strongest meninx
Two-layered sheet of fibrous connective tissue

A

Dura mater

93
Q

Forms a loose brain covering

A

Arachnoid mater

94
Q

Composed of delicate connective tissue and richly invested with tiny blood vessels

A

Pia mater

95
Q

Forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to CNS structures; Helps nourish the brain

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

96
Q

Protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain

A

Blood Brain Barrier

97
Q

Alteration in brain function

A

Concussion

98
Q

More serious concussion
Can bruise the brain and cause permanent neurological damage

A

Contusion

99
Q

Bleeding from ruptured vessels

A

Subdural Hemorrhage

100
Q

When blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and brain tissue dies

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

101
Q

Memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, language loss

A

Alzheimer’s disease

102
Q

Exhibit by “pill-rolling” movements of the fingers and wrist
Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons

A

Parkinson’s Disease

103
Q

Hereditary disorder
Huntingtin protein accumulates in brain cells and the tissue dies
Impairs the ability to reason, walk, and speak

A

Huntington’s Disease

104
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31 pairs

105
Q

Sensory receptors classification by stimulus type

A

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors

106
Q

Sensory receptors classification by location

A

Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors

107
Q

Are sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body

A

Exteroceptors

108
Q

Respond to stimuli within the body

A

Interoceptors

109
Q

Also respond to internal stimuli; occur in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments and in connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles

A

Proprioceptors

110
Q

Sensory receptors classification by receptor structure

A
  1. Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles
  2. Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles
  3. Bulbous Corpuscles
  4. Muscle Spindles
  5. Tendon Organs
111
Q

2 categories of ganglia

A

Sensory and Autonomic ganglia

112
Q

Contains complete reflex circuits that detect the physiological condition of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Enteric Plexus

113
Q

controls ANS body temp, appetite, water balance, sleep-wake cycle, emotions

A

hypothalamus

114
Q

the relay station of all sensory stimuli towards the brain

A

thalamus

115
Q

connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain

A

epithalamus

MC 1 LEC (5 decks)

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