Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE > MIDTERMS: L3 - GRAM-NEG COCCI > Flashcards

MIDTERMS: L3 - GRAM-NEG COCCI Flashcards

1
Q

Two major pathogens (Neisseria) of the human person

A
  1. N. gonorrhoeae

2. N. meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MOTF

  1. Most strains of Gonococci contains plasmids
  2. Plasmids of Gonococci - develop resistance to antibiotics
  3. Gonococci - limited treatment compare to meningococci
  4. Gonococci also contains capsules making them more pathogenic and virulent
A

1,2,3 - TRUE
4 - FALSE

Gonococci don’t have capsules - only plasmids (still pathogenic and virulent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MOTF

  1. N. meningitidis - do not contain plastmids
  2. N. meningitidis - encapsulated bacteria
A

BOTH TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MOTF

  1. N. cinerea, N. lactamica, N. sicca, N. mucosa, N. polysaccharea, N. subflava, N.flavescens, N. elongate- examples normal flora of humans
  2. They are found in upper RT in the nasopharynx
A

BOTH TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A normal flora of the
oral cavities, upper respiratory tract of
animals like cats and dogs

A

N. animaloris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Formerly Neisseria catarrhalis/Branhamella

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

  • not part of Neisseriaceae
  • Resembles Neisseria biochemically and
    morphologically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MOTF

  1. Neisseria are gram-positive diplococci
  2. Non-motile, non-spore-forming
  3. Individual cocci are like kidney-shaped or lancet-shaped or bullet-shaped
A

1 - false
2,3 -true

1 - Neisseria - gram-negative diplococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T OR F

  1. Neisseria elongata are rod-shaped bacilli
  2. They are catalase negative
A

True

ALL NEISSERIA ARE CATALASE POS EXCEPT FOR N. elongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MOTF

  1. Neisseria - aerobic, and cytochrome oxidase positive (+)
  2. Most oxidize carbohydrates with acid and gas
A

1 true 2 false

2 - NO GAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MOTF

  1. In gram stain, neisseria can be seen intracellularly
  2. Flat sides are adjacent
A

BOTH TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MOTF
Culture characteristics (In enriched media, 48 hours)
1. Gonococci - small grayish white convex, shiny colonies - transparent or opaque, with pigments and hemolytic
2. Meningococci - medium, smooth, round, moist, gray to white; encapsulate strains mucoid, non pigmented and non hemolytic

A

1 - false
2- true

1 - non pigmented and non hemolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MOTF
Pathogenic neisseria
1. Very fastidious - requires requires 5% SBAP/CAP
2. Meningococci are more fastidious than gonococci

A

1 - true
2 - false

Gonococci are more fastidious than meningococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Enriched culture media (especially CAP) can supply fastidious components such as:

A

iron, hemin (Factor X), coenzyme 1 (NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)/ Factor B)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q 
MOTF
1. N. meningitidis - requirement for
cultivation is the use of 5% SBAP
(can also use CAP)
2. N. gonococci - also grow on SBAP and CAP
3. More nutritious media - SBAP (cooked)
A

1 - true
2,3 - false

2 - only grow in CAP
3 - CAP more nutritious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MOTF

  1. Upon collection, transport, and cultivation, they must not be subjected to low temperatures because it will kill these 2 organisms
  2. Gonococci needs cysteine
A

BOTH TRUE

NOTE: THEY ARE COLD-SENSITIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MOTF

  1. N. flavescens, N. animaloris, N. subflava, N. lactamica, N. mucosa, N. polysaccharea - colonies may be yellow/contain yellow pigmentantion
  2. N. animaloris - has a distinct smell (popcorn-like)
A

BOTH TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MOTF

  1. N. sicca - Opaque, brittle, wrinkled colonies, non-pigmented
  2. N. cinerea - Small, grayish white, slightly granular
  3. Moraxella catarrhalis - Large, nonpigmented or pinkish gray opaque colonies; friable, hockey puck consistency
A

ALL TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MOTF

  1. Hockey puck consistency helps distinguish Moraxella from Neisseria
  2. Hockey puck consistency - move colonies across surface without disintegrating it
A

BOTH TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q 
MOTF
1. M. catarrhalis - Grows 
on BAP at 22C and on NA at 35C
2. They can reduce nitrate to nitrite - due to their enzymes
3. Can also utilize carbohyrates
A

1,2 - true
3 - false

3 - cannot utilize carbohydrates (Inert)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

M. catarrhalis contains enzyme that Allows hydrolyse or digest substrate tributyrin, this is called:

A

Butyrate esterase

Neisseria - negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Old colonies especially after 48 hours using CAP, the appearance of colonies illustrates:

A

Wagon wheels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Incubation condition of Neisseria:

A
  1. 35-37C for 48-72 hours

2. Humid, CO2 enriched (3%-5% min. requirement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MOTF

  1. Gonococcus and meningococcus - used of enriched/selective media
  2. Selective media - CAP base plus antimicrobials
A

BOTH TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thayer-martin antibiotics:

A

Vancomycin, colistin, nystatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Modified-Thayer Martin (MTM) antibiotics:

A

Vancomycin, colistin, nystatin and trimethoprim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Martin-Lewis antibiotics:

A

vancomycin, colistin, anisomycin, trimethoprim

Increased concentration of Vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

GC-Lec and New York City antibiotics:

A

GC lec - vancomycin, colistin, amphotericin, trimethoprim, lincomycin (inhibits gram pos)

New York City (NYC) - vancomycin, colistin, amphotericin, trimethoprim

DIFFERENCE: NYC has no lincomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Incorporated to inhibit the growth of gram positive (+) organisms

A

vancomycin, 3 μg/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inhibit the growth of gram negative (-) organism aside from Neisseria

A

colistin, 7.5 μg/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Act as antifungal

A

amphotericin B, 1 μg/mL (nystatin, anisomycin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Inhibit the swarming growth of Proteus which can be an impedance to the growing Neisseria

A

trimethoprim, 3 μg/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Positive Growth on MTM, ML, NYC

A

N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, N. lactamica (NF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Reagent used in oxidase test:

A

tetra-methyl-

p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (TMPPD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Positive result in Oxidase test:

A

Purple color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

T OR F
CHROMOGENIC ENZYME SUBSTRATE TEST - Used to differentiate between the medically significant
organisms and those that grow on the selective culture
medium

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

CHROMOGENIC ENZYME SUBSTRATE TEST - detect 3 enzymes, which are:

A

1.Beta-galactosidase 2.Gamma-glutamyl aminopeptidase 3.Hydroxyprolyl aminopeptidase

CLUE: BEGA, GAGA, HA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

MOTF
In CHROMOGENIC ENZYME SUBSTRATE TEST:
1. N. lactamica - Beta-galactosidase
2. Gonococcus - Gamma-glutamyl aminopeptidase
3. Meningococcus - Hydroxyprolyl aminopeptidase
4. M. catarrhalis - does not have these enzymes

A

1,4 - true
2,3 - false

  1. Gonococcus - Hydroxyprolyl aminopeptidase
  2. Meningococcus - Gamma-glutamyl aminopeptidase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

T or F
N. elongata, a NF that is also positive
(+) for Hydroxyprolyl aminopeptidase

A

FALSE

N. cinerea - also positive for Hydroxyprolyl aminopeptidase

39
Q

Indicator for CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION PATTERN - Cystine Trypticase Agar (CTA) Sugars:

A

PHENOL RED
YELLOW - acidic
ALKALINE - red

If there is sugar - acid release > turns into YELLOW

40
Q

Enumerate the carbohydrate utilization pattern for glucose, maltose, lactose and sucrose:

A

GC - G + , M L S -
MC - G M +, L S -
N. Lactima - G M L +, S -
M. catarrhalis - ALL neg, DNAse pos

41
Q

MOTF

  1. N. Polysaccharea will resemble N. meningitidis
  2. Both has G M + and L S F -
A

BOTH TRUE

42
Q

To differentiate N. Polysaccharea and N. meningitidis, what are the ways:

A
  1. Meningitidis will grow on selective media

2. Allow your polysaccharea to grow on 1% - 5% sucrose agar - produce polysaccharides

43
Q

MOTF
1. N. cinerea and N. gonorrhoeae - share same characteristics: Enzyme - Hydroxyprolyl Aminopeptidase

  1. And
    Oxidation pattern - glucose +
A

BOTH TRUE

44
Q

MOTF

  1. Culture using mha - N. cinerea can grow and N. gonorrhoeae cannot grow
  2. MTM - N. cinerea cannot grow and N. gonorrhoeae can grow
  3. Colistin sensitivity testing - kill N. cinerea and cannot inhibit N. gonorrhoeae
A

ALL TRUE

45
Q

MOTF
Disadvantages of CTA test
1. Not sensitive to acid production of some organisms
2. Cannot check the oxidative strains of Neisseria

A

Both true

46
Q

MOTF
Newer test systems
1. Use light concentration of inoculum in a small volume of buffered low-peptone substrate with the appropriate carbohydrate
2. Results available within 4 hrs

A

1 false
2 true

1 - use heavy
Examples: Rim-Neisseria test, Neisseria Kwik Test, Gonobio Test

47
Q

MOTF

  1. Neisseria - Inhibited by Fatty Acids & salts
  2. Produce autolytic enzymes (25oC, ↑ pH)
  3. Needs rapid and prompt processing
A

All true

48
Q

MOTF
1. Pili - also called fimbriae
2. Provide resistance to phagocytosis
3. Main function of the gonococcal pili is it facilitates the
attachment of gonococci to host cells
4. Different strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae produce pili
that are antigenically different from each other

A

ALL TRUE

49
Q

MOTF

  1. Opa (protein II) - adhesion within colonies making them intact and attachment to host cell receptors
  2. Opa protein - colonies can form opaque
  3. Opa - no antigenic variation, same all throughout
A

1,2 - true

3 - false

50
Q

MOTF

  1. Lipooligosaccharide or LOS - One of the major virulence factor of Gonococci
  2. Gonococcal LPS (lipopolysaccharide) without long O-antigen side chains - thus, only LOS
A

Both true

51
Q

MOTF

  1. LOS - molecular mimicry of human glycosphingolipids. It structurally resembles human glycosphingolipids thus, causing immune invasion
  2. LOS - Released in membrane blebs (Outer membrane fragments contain LOS)
A

Both true

OTHER FUNCTIONS:

  1. suppression of leukotriene B4 synthesis - inhibits PMN activation

LB4 - calls for migration of PMNS (pmns - kill organisms)

  1. activates alternative complement pathway → inflammation
  2. activates TNF → inflammation
52
Q

Protein responsible for the formation of pores in the cell walls of our bacterium

A

Por protein (Protein I)

Importance:

  1. allows passage of nutrients
  2. facilitate the excretion of waste materials
53
Q

Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion

A

Por protein (Protein I) - no formation of phagolysosome

NOTE: the reason why N. gonorrhoeae can be seen inside your PMNS

54
Q

Reduction-modifiable protein; associates with Por in the formation of pores in the surface

A

Rmp (protein III)

55
Q

T OR F

Ferric-binding protein or Fbp allows N. gonorrhoeae to scavenge for little amounts of iron and continue to live

A

True

56
Q

Splits/inactivates the major mucosal IgA1

A

IgA1 protease

NOTE: In the secretions, the dominant antibody is IgA

57
Q

MOTF
Uncomplicated GC infection: IN MEN
1. URETHRITIS - inflammation of urethra
2. URETHRITIS - can lead to prostatis and epididymitis
3. PHARYNGITIS - point of entry is throat
4. Proctitis - entry is rectal portion

A

ALL TRUE

58
Q

Painful sexual intercourse - called

A

Dyspareunia

59
Q

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)

A

Endometritis - organism enter endometrium
Salpingitis - spread further in fallopian tube
Oophoritis - organism reached ovaries

NOTE: THESE 3 ARE PRESENT IT WILL RESULT TO PID

60
Q

Infection of peritoneum (cavity where most internal organs such as intestines are located)

A

Peritonitis

61
Q

Inflammation of the capsule covering the liver

A

Peri-hepatitis

Coming as form of complication PID = called Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

62
Q

Infection of newborn baby upon passing through the infected birth canal

A

Gonococcal Ophthalmia neonatorum

63
Q

Gonococcal Ophthalmia neonatorum treatment/antibiotics used:

A

Erythromycin - 0.5%
Tetracycline - 1%

AgNO3eye drops - used before, now stopped due to eye irritation

64
Q

Gonococcal Bacteremia (Septicemia)

A

Gonococcus is present in the blood

65
Q

Inflammation of synovium covering your tendons

A

TENOSYNOVITIS

66
Q

Difference between papules and pustules

A

Pustules - contains pus

Papules - does not contains pus

67
Q

Triad of Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI:

A
  1. PAPULES and PUSTULES
  2. TENOSYNOVITIS
  3. SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
68
Q

MOTF

  1. The type of specimen depends on the manifestation of the patient
  2. Male common sample - endocervical discharge
  3. Direct gram stain - diagnostic for female gonococcal infection
A

1 true
2,3 - false

2 - Male - urethral discharge
3 - DGS - diagnostic for male, not diagnostic for female

MALE - 90% sensitivity, 95% specificity
FEMALE - 50% sensitivity, 95% specificity

69
Q

MOTF

  1. DGI (joint and blood culture) - Use a special system because the SPS that we use in blood culture bottles can inhibit the growth of N. gonorrhoeae
  2. Can still use sps - concentration of SPS mus tnot exceed 0.25%
  3. Incorporate gelatin - neutralize SPS
A

1,3 - true
2- false

2- not exceed 0.025%

SPS - Sodium polyanethole sulfonate

70
Q

Specific swabs used in acquiring sample for N. gonorrhoeae

A

Dacron and Rayon swabs

71
Q

MOTF
1. Cotton contains Fatty acids and it is toxic to N.
gonorrhoaea
2. Cotton swabs can be used but with the addition of charcoal - neutralize fatty acids
3. Calcium alginate can inhibit the growth of
gonorrhoaea

A

ALL TRUE

72
Q

Culture Media Transport Systems:

A

JEMBEC, Gono-Pak, and Transgrow

JEMBEC - John E. Martin Biological Environmental Chamber

Incorporated in these 3 systems is the use of selective culture medium and have their CO2 generator

73
Q

MOTF

  1. Colonies (T1, T2) - piliated GC; typical small colonies on selective subculture
  2. Colonies ( T3, T4, T5) - nonpiliated GC: larger colonies on nonselective subculture
A

BOTH TRUE

74
Q

Colonies - piliated GC and transparent

A

P+, Opa-

75
Q

MOTF

  1. Gonococcus - catalase and oxidase positive
  2. CTA SUGAR - GLUCOSE ONLY
A

BOTH TRUE

76
Q

Non culture tests for N. gonorrhoeae:

A
  1. Antigen detection (Gonozyme) - GONOZYME TEST
  2. Direct specimen nucleic acid probe (Nucleic Acid Amplification Test - NAAT)
  3. Nucleic acid amplification (Ligase Chain Reaction - LCR)
77
Q

CDC Recommended Treatment for Uncomplicated Gonorrhea:

A

Ceftriaxone (most potent), Cefixime,
Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Levofloxacin
+
1g Azithromycin (or 100 mg Doxycycline 2x / 7 days) - for chlamydia

78
Q

Concomitant infection of gonorrhea:

A

Co-infection (chlamydia)

79
Q

Uncomplicated Gonococcal infections of the Cervix, Urethra, and Rectum (treatment)

A

Recommended regimen
○ Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM (mode of delivery:
intramuscular) in a single dose PLUS
Azithromycin 1g orally in a single dos

80
Q

Treatment of Arthritis and Arthritis - Dermatitis Syndrome

A

Recommend regimen
○ Ceftriaxone 1 g IM or IV every 24 hours PLUS
Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose

81
Q

Treatment of Gonococcal Meningitis and Endocarditis

A

Recommended regimen
○ Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV every 12-24 hours PLUS
Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose

82
Q

MOTF

  1. Neisseria meningitidis has 13 serogroups: immunologic specificity of capsular polysaccharides
  2. Common serogroups associated with infection, diseases, and outbreaks are A, B, C, X, Y, and W-135
A

Both true

Western hemisphere - B, C, W-135 and Y

Southern Finland and Sau Paulo, Brazil - B and C

New zealand - B
Africa - A
Epidemic cases - A and C

83
Q

MOTF
1. Virulence factors of meningococci share the same
function and effects as Gonococci
2. Type IV pili - interact with GIT endothelial cells
3. Pili, Opa, LOS, and to a lesser extent, Opc, undergo
antigenic variation

A

1,3 true
2 - false

2 - brain endothelial cells

84
Q

MOTF

  1. OMP Class 1,2,3 - porins for intracellular survival
  2. Class 1 - Por A and Class 2,3 - Por B
  3. Class 4 (OPA) - attachment and invasion
  4. Class 5 (RMP) - Blocks host serum bactericidal IgG action
A

1,2 true
3,4 false

Class 5 (OPA) - attachment and invasion

Class 4 (RMP) - Blocks host serum bactericidal IgG action

85
Q

MOTF

  1. Humans are the only natural host for whom meningococci are pathogenic
  2. When meningococci enters nasopharynx, it could be a full blown pathogen or transient microbiota
A

BOTH TRUE

86
Q

What facilitates the bloodstream invasion of N. meningitidis?

A
  1. Lack of bactericidal Abs
  2. Deficient in C5-C8
  3. Chronic irritation or damage to the RT mucosa
87
Q

Hallmark of MGC infections

A

rashes on arms, legs, and trunk

88
Q
  1. Fulminant Type of Meningococcemia
  2. Symptoms due to endotoxin activity (LOS)
  3. Characterized by disseminated intravascular coagulation
    (DIC)
A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

89
Q

MOTF Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

  1. Hemorrhage of adrenal glands happens
  2. Gangrene of skin and soft tissues
  3. Abnormal formation of blood clots in blood vessels
A

ALL TRUE

90
Q

MOTF

  1. Meningitis - cause severe cerebral hyperemia
  2. Permanent hearing loss/mental retardation in 11-19% of recovered Pxs
A

Both true

91
Q

Supine position, flex leg at the hip and knee, extend further leg
NO MENINGITIS - can flex further
WITH MENINGITIS - pain in harmstring muscle

A

Kernig’s sign

92
Q

Elevate head and neck
NO MENINGITIS - no pain
WITH MENINGITIS - flex head and neck, he/she will suffer pain, reflex of knees

A

Brudzinski’s sign

93
Q

Drug of choice for treatment of N. meningiditis

A

PENICILLIN G (IV; drug of choice)

94
Q

Prophylaxis used:

A

Prophylaxis: rifampin (most commonly used),

ciprofloxacin (for adults), or ceftriaxone (for children)

BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions